Women and Illegal Activities: Gender Differences and Women's Willingness to Comply Over Time

In recent years the topics of illegal activities such as corruption or tax evasion have attracted a great deal of attention. However, there is still a lack of substantial empirical evidence about the determinants of compliance. The aim of this paper is to investigate empirically whether women are more willing to be compliant than men and whether we observe (among women and in general) differences in attitudes among similar age groups in different time periods (cohort effect) or changing attitudes of the same cohorts over time (age effect) using data from eight Western European countries from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey that span the period from 1981 to 1999. The results reveal higher willingness to comply among women and an age rather than a cohort effect. Working Paper 06-5

Efficacy of toltrazuril against intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits.

&lt;p&gt;The anticoccidial effect of toltrazuril (Bay Vi 9142) against Eimeria flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. magna, E. perforans and E. stiedai was tested in experimentally-infected rabbits. Continuous administration of 10-15 p.p.m. of the drug in the drinking water was highly effective in reducing oocyst output of all five species and in preventing clinical signs and macroscopic lesions. Sporulation of excreted oocysts was not affected. After 5 weeks of medication, no negative influence was noted on zootechnic performance of growing healthy rabbits. Medication of rabbits with 25 p.p.m. only during schizogony or gamogony (2 days of treatment, repeated after 5 days) quickly reduced clinical signs and oocyst output. When administered during late schizogony or gamogony, toltrazuril allowed development of immunity against reinfection with homologous species.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Coccidiosis in rabbits: a field study.

&lt;p&gt;During a survey 1052 faecal samples were examined in commercial and domestic rabbitries in Belgium. Nine different species of Eimeria were recognised. E magna, E media and E perforans were very common in both production methods. E flavescens, E intestinalis and E stiedai occurred more commonly in traditionally reared rabbits. E stiedai was not recorded in commercial rabbitries. E coecicola, E irresidua and E piriformis were less common. Oocyst output was suppressed in increasing efficacy by clopidol, sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine (10:1), sulphadimidine and robenidine (P less than 0.01). The use of a droppings pit reduced the level of coccidial infection significantly compared with a sledge type of cleaning mechanism (P less than 0.001).&lt;/p&gt;</p

Evolution of coccidial infection in commercial and domestic rabbits between 1982 and 1986.

&lt;p&gt;Caecal samples were collected from 751 domestic rabbits of various origin and from 1229 diarrhoeic rabbits issued from 61 commercial rabbitries. They were screened for coccidiosis. In 1982, the year of introduction of the anticoccidial robenidine in commercial rabbit feeds, a dramatic decrease of coccidial infection ratio was detected in commercial rabbitries: only 6% of samples contained greater than 100 oocysts per gram against 85% in 1979, when sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine was used. Only Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were detected, whereas the highly pathogenic species E. flavescens and E. intestinalis had disappeared from commercial units. After 4 years of continuous use of robenidine, infection ratio rose progressively, although still far below the 1979 levels. Most of the other species reappeared, but only in very low proportions (1-4% of samples). The percentage occurrence of E. magna, E. media and E. perforans on the contrary rose progressively to 25, 26 and 34%, respectively, suggesting drug resistance. In domestic rabbitries, the incidence of coccidial infection was markedly higher and all nine species of Eimeria were detected. Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were very common, E. flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. piriformis and E. stiedai were less common, whereas E. irresidua and E. coecicola were relatively rare. Notwithstanding the lower activity of robenidine against E. stiedai, no rise of hepatic coccidiosis became evident.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Experimental Escherichia coli enteropathy in weanling rabbits: clinical manifestations and pathological findings.

&lt;p&gt;Diarrhoea was reproduced by inoculating 5-week-old New Zealand White rabbits orally with 2 X 10(6) CFU of E. coli 0.15:H-. The strain produced diarrhoea in all the dosed rabbits 6.25 +/- 2.71 (mean +/- S.D.) days after infection (p.i.). Mortality was high. Sequential examination of the intestines by light microscopy showed the strain to attach first to the tips of the lymphoid follicle epithelium of Peyer&#039;s patches 24 h p.i., but not to other sites until 3 days p.i. From 3 to 14 days p.i. the strain caused an acute intestinal inflammatory response and large numbers of E. coli adhered to the enterocytes of ileum, caecum and colon. Colonized cells became rounded and were desquamated. Severe oedema of the caecal lamina propria was often present. Colonization of the intestine, as shown by rectal swab cultures, reached a maximum 4 to 7 days p.i. and did not decrease until 14 days p.i.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Rice starches. III. Structural aspects provide insight in amylopectin retrogradation properties and gel texture

The long term amylopectin retrogradation behaviour of five waxy (low peak gelatinisation temperature (T-p)) and 10 normal (low (three), intermediate (four) and high (three) T-p)) rice starches was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) rescan following gelatinisation in excess water (1:2 w/w starch/water). Textural attributes of rice starch gets (stored during 2 days or 2 weeks at 6 degreesC) were studied following gelatinisation (8% dry matter starch) in a Brabender visco-amylograph. Both amylopectin retrogradation and gel textural characteristics were related to absolute (AAM), free (FAM) and lipid-complexed (LAM) amylose contents and amylopectin chain length distributions. Upon storage at ambient temperature (2 and 4 weeks), retrograded amylopectin DSC conclusion temperatures were not related to AAM and FAM contents. Upon 4 weeks storage at 6 degreesC, however, retrograded amylopectin conclusion temperatures and enthalpies of the investigated normal intermediate and high Tp rice starches were negatively related to both AAM and FAM contents. LAM was positively correlated with retrograded amylopectin conclusion temperatures and enthalpies in the case of 4 weeks at ambient temperature and 6 degreesC, suggesting heterogeneous nucleation. Relative amounts of antylopectin chains with DP 6-9 and DP > 25 decreased amylopectin retrogradation conclusion temperatures and enthalpies, whereas opposite results were observed for chains of DP 12-22. Higher correlations were found with increasing storage temperatures and times. Firmness and force after relaxation increased and elasticity (2 days of storage at 6 degreesC) decreased with increasing AAM and FAM contents, whereas no correlations with LAM were observed. No significant correlations between amylopectin chain length distribution and gel texture were observed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.status: publishe