64 research outputs found

    Création d'un corpus de traces graphiques de la Langue des Signes Française

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    International audienceThis work constitutes a contribution to the emergence of a common writing for French Sign Language in a graphical or even a typographical framework. Our hypothesis is as follows : in its execution, the gestural sign contains a readable graphic trace that can be visualized with a photographic device. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we gather a photographic corpus made of isolated elicited signs.Le projet GestuelScript se présente comme une contribution à l'émergence d'une écriture courante pour la Langue des Signes Française dans un cadre de travail essentiellement graphique, voire typographique. Notre hypothÚse : le signe gestuel décrirait, dans sa réalisation, une trace graphique lisible qu'un dispositif photographique permet de visualiser. Pour la tester, nous constituons un corpus de travail photographique fait de signes isolés élicités

    SystÚmes graphématiques et écritures des langues signées

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    International audienceOver the last few decades, various writing systems for sign languages (SLs) have been developed in a context where vocal languages (VLs) obviously prevail. In fact, VLs are characterized by a switch of modality between writing and speaking, while SLs present a brand new situation with the possibility of sharing modalities. Indeed, in the act of speaking and writing, SLs use similar modalities (upper body limbs movement) and reception (vision). This unprecedented situation of shared visuo-gestural modalities allows writing and speaking to meet in a form of cohabitation, sharing semiotic features. Scripturality may emerge from the formal (highly graphical in many situations) and gestural dimensions that are inherent to oral expression in SLs. The goal of this article is to establish an approach that links visuo-gestual modalities. On one hand, this approach is founded in ‘orality,’ i.e., in gesture; on the other hand, this approach is rooted in the act of drawing (tracing) as a link between language and writing. Similarly to the way SLs are able to assign meaning to movements, the meaning represented in the marks intended to be read can be back-traced to the body in action. To consider the scriptural experience in this way resonates with the cognitive theory of enaction (Varela et al., 1991) and, more broadly, with the hypotheses of embodied cognition.First we will present the three main notation systems that are used—almost exclusively—among researchers in linguistics studies of SLs. We will discuss their specific characteristics: the visual principles on which they are built in regard to their legibility, and also their ability to be written and used (focusing on the principle of linearity found in other writing systems). In the second part, we will explore in detail some issues of writing SLs such as: how can we articulate the modalities of the act of writing with the semiotic modalities of language itself? What are the analogies available to build a glyphic system? Can the act of tracing and the trace itself boost new semiotic relations in the writing of SLs? In the third part, we will look at some theoretical aspects of existing writing systems and put them into the perspective of the writing of SLs. Finally, this matter will be dealt with through the presentation of Typannot, a notation system on which we are currently working. We will focus on describing the graphematic and typographic principles of this new system. Several conceptual levels are envisioned in order to justify the coupling between technical aspects and writing/tracing activity, with the goal of obtaining a system aimed at: readability, modularity, writability and searchability. These criteria are an attempt to translate concepts of writing systems in VLs for specific issues related to the visual and gestural modalities of SLs.Depuis quelques dĂ©cennies, les langues des signes (LS) connaissent l’apparition de systĂšmes de notations qui s’inscrivent dans une pratique dominĂ©e par les Ă©critures de langues vocales (LV). Alors que ces derniĂšres sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par une rupture de modalitĂ© entre l’écrit et l’oral, les LS introduisent la situation inĂ©dite d’un possible partage des modalitĂ©s en convoquant dans leur production les mĂȘmes articulateurs (le membre supĂ©rieur) et dans leur rĂ©ception la mĂȘme modalitĂ© visuelle. Ces circonstances de partage des mĂȘmes modalitĂ©s gestuo-visuelle placent l’écriture et l’oralitĂ© des LS dans un rapport de coexistence, voire de sĂ©miotiques partagĂ©es. L’acte d’écrire peut alors se manifester comme une inscription des dimensions formelles (parfois hautement graphiques) et gestuelles intrinsĂšques de l’oralitĂ© et de l’expression des LS. Nous chercherons dans cet article Ă  dĂ©velopper les fondements d’une approche analogique visuo-gestuelle ancrĂ©e d’une part dans l’oralitĂ©, c’est Ă  dire le geste, et d’autre part dans le tracĂ© comme vecteur de sens communs Ă  la langue et son Ă©criture. ConsidĂ©rer ainsi l’expĂ©rience scripturale trouve un Ă©cho dans la thĂ©orie cognitive de l’énaction (Varela et al., 1991) ou plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement dans les hypothĂšses portant sur la cognition incarnĂ©e.Nous prĂ©senterons trois des principaux systĂšmes de notation actuellement en usage, dont l’usage est le plus souvent limitĂ© aux chercheurs en linguistique de ces langues. Les principales caractĂ©ristiques de ces systĂšmes de notation seront abordĂ©es ; il s’agit de leur lisibilitĂ© en lien avec le formalisme sur lequel ils s’appuient, et aussi de leur capacitĂ© Ă  ĂȘtre Ă©crits et maniĂ©s (en particulier au regard du principe de linĂ©aritĂ© des Ă©critures existantes). Dans une deuxiĂšme partie, les problĂ©matiques que l’écriture des LS posent seront exposĂ©es en dĂ©tails : l’articulation des modalitĂ©s de production et des modalitĂ©s sĂ©miotique orale/Ă©crite, les domaines analogiques exploitables dans la construction des principes glyphiques et les rapports sĂ©miotiques nouveaux entre traces et tracĂ©s qu’apporte l’écriture des LS. Dans la troisiĂšme partie, quelques Ă©lĂ©ments des thĂ©ories sur l’écriture seront examinĂ©s au regard de ce qu’une Ă©criture des LS apporte. Ils seront illustrĂ©s par le systĂšme de notation pour les LS appelĂ© « Typannot » (sur lequel les auteurs du prĂ©sent article travaillent) et plus spĂ©cifiquement par ses choix graphĂ©matiques et typographiques. Nous dĂ©veloppons pour cela une rĂ©flexion Ă  plusieurs niveaux rendant compte de ce couplage entre la technique et notre activitĂ© scripturale, portant sur la lisibilitĂ©, la modularitĂ©, la scripturalitĂ© et l’automatisation (requĂȘtabilitĂ©). Ces critĂšres constituent le cadre d’une rĂ©flexion prenant racine dans les systĂšmes d’écriture des LV pour Ă©voluer vers des problĂ©matiques proprement liĂ©es aux modalitĂ©s gestuelles et formelles des LS

    CrĂ©ation d’un corpus de traces graphiques de la Langue des Signes française en vue de la constitution d’une Ă©criture

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    Le projet GestuelScript se prĂ©sente comme une contribution Ă  l’émergence d’une Ă©criture courante pour la Langue des Signes française dans un cadre de travail essentiellement graphique, voire typographique. Notre hypothĂšse : le signe gestuel dĂ©crirait, dans sa rĂ©alisation, une trace graphique lisible qu’un dispositif photographique permet de visualiser. Pour la tester de maniĂšre cohĂ©rente, nous avons constituĂ© deux corpus de travail photographique fait de signes isolĂ©s Ă©licitĂ©s. Les Ă©lĂ©ments du corpus correspondent Ă  des prises de vue des signes rĂ©alisĂ©es en prenant une photographie avec exposition longue, ce qui permet de rendre visible le mouvement parcourus par les mains. Nous prĂ©sentons dans cet article la mĂ©thodologie utilisĂ©e pour rĂ©aliser ces corpus ainsi que les pistes de recherche qui en ont Ă©mergĂ©.This work constitutes a contribution to the emergence of a common writing for French Sign Language in a graphical or even a typographical framework. Our hypothesis is as follows : in its execution, the gestural sign contains a readable graphic trace that can be visualized with a photographic device. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, we gather two photographic corpus made of isolated elicited signs. The atoms of this corpus are pictures taken with long exposure, which gives body to the movement of the hands and renders it. In this article, we present the methodology we used to create both of our corpus and the researches that emerged from them

    SystÚmes graphématiques et écritures des langues signées

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    Depuis quelques dĂ©cennies, les langues des signes (LS) connaissent l’apparition de systĂšmes de notations qui s’inscrivent dans une pratique dominĂ©e par les Ă©critures de langues vocales (LV). Alors que ces derniĂšres sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par une rupture de modalitĂ© entre l’écrit et l’oral, les LS introduisent la situation inĂ©dite d’un possible partage des modalitĂ©s en convoquant dans leur production les mĂȘmes articulateurs (le membre supĂ©rieur) et dans leur rĂ©ception la mĂȘme modalitĂ© visuelle. Ces circonstances de partage des mĂȘmes modalitĂ©s gestuo-visuelle placent l’écriture et l’oralitĂ© des LS dans un rapport de coexistence, voire de sĂ©miotiques partagĂ©es. L’acte d’écrire peut alors se manifester comme une inscription des dimensions formelles (parfois hautement graphiques) et gestuelles intrinsĂšques de l’oralitĂ© et de l’expression des LS. Nous chercherons dans cet article Ă  dĂ©velopper les fondements d’une approche analogique visuo-gestuelle ancrĂ©e d’une part dans l’oralitĂ©, c’est Ă  dire le geste, et d’autre part dans le tracĂ© comme vecteur de sens communs Ă  la langue et son Ă©criture. ConsidĂ©rer ainsi l’expĂ©rience scripturale trouve un Ă©cho dans la thĂ©orie cognitive de l’énaction (Varela et al., 1991) ou plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement dans les hypothĂšses portant sur la cognition incarnĂ©e.Nous prĂ©senterons trois des principaux systĂšmes de notation actuellement en usage, dont l’usage est le plus souvent limitĂ© aux chercheurs en linguistique de ces langues. Les principales caractĂ©ristiques de ces systĂšmes de notation seront abordĂ©es ; il s’agit de leur lisibilitĂ© en lien avec le formalisme sur lequel ils s’appuient, et aussi de leur capacitĂ© Ă  ĂȘtre Ă©crits et maniĂ©s (en particulier au regard du principe de linĂ©aritĂ© des Ă©critures existantes). Dans une deuxiĂšme partie, les problĂ©matiques que l’écriture des LS posent seront exposĂ©es en dĂ©tails : l’articulation des modalitĂ©s de production et des modalitĂ©s sĂ©miotique orale/Ă©crite, les domaines analogiques exploitables dans la construction des principes glyphiques et les rapports sĂ©miotiques nouveaux entre traces et tracĂ©s qu’apporte l’écriture des LS. Dans la troisiĂšme partie, quelques Ă©lĂ©ments des thĂ©ories sur l’écriture seront examinĂ©s au regard de ce qu’une Ă©criture des LS apporte. Ils seront illustrĂ©s par le systĂšme de notation pour les LS appelĂ© « Typannot » (sur lequel les auteurs du prĂ©sent article travaillent) et plus spĂ©cifiquement par ses choix graphĂ©matiques et typographiques. Nous dĂ©veloppons pour cela une rĂ©flexion Ă  plusieurs niveaux rendant compte de ce couplage entre la technique et notre activitĂ© scripturale, portant sur la lisibilitĂ©, la modularitĂ©, la scripturalitĂ© et l’automatisation (requĂȘtabilitĂ©). Ces critĂšres constituent le cadre d’une rĂ©flexion prenant racine dans les systĂšmes d’écriture des LV pour Ă©voluer vers des problĂ©matiques proprement liĂ©es aux modalitĂ©s gestuelles et formelles des LS.Over the last few decades, various writing systems for sign languages (SLs) have been developed in a context where vocal languages (VLs) obviously prevail. In fact, VLs are characterized by a switch of modality between writing and speaking, while SLs present a brand new situation with the possibility of sharing modalities. Indeed, in the act of speaking and writing, SLs use similar modalities (upper body limbs movement) and reception (vision). This unprecedented situation of shared visuo-gestural modalities allows writing and speaking to meet in a form of cohabitation, sharing semiotic features. Scripturality may emerge from the formal (highly graphical in many situations) and gestural dimensions that are inherent to oral expression in SLs. The goal of this article is to establish an approach that links visuo-gestual modalities. On one hand, this approach is founded in ‘orality,’ i.e., in gesture; on the other hand, this approach is rooted in the act of drawing (tracing) as a link between language and writing. Similarly to the way SLs are able to assign meaning to movements, the meaning represented in the marks intended to be read can be back-traced to the body in action. To consider the scriptural experience in this way resonates with the cognitive theory of enaction (Varela et al., 1991) and, more broadly, with the hypotheses of embodied cognition.First we will present the three main notation systems that are used—almost exclusively—among researchers in linguistics studies of SLs. We will discuss their specific characteristics: the visual principles on which they are built in regard to their legibility, and also their ability to be written and used (focusing on the principle of linearity found in other writing systems). In the second part, we will explore in detail some issues of writing SLs such as: how can we articulate the modalities of the act of writing with the semiotic modalities of language itself? What are the analogies available to build a glyphic system? Can the act of tracing and the trace itself boost new semiotic relations in the writing of SLs? In the third part, we will look at some theoretical aspects of existing writing systems and put them into the perspective of the writing of SLs. Finally, this matter will be dealt with through the presentation of Typannot, a notation system on which we are currently working. We will focus on describing the graphematic and typographic principles of this new system. Several conceptual levels are envisioned in order to justify the coupling between technical aspects and writing/tracing activity, with the goal of obtaining a system aimed at: readability, modularity, writability and searchability. These criteria are an attempt to translate concepts of writing systems in VLs for specific issues related to the visual and gestural modalities of SLs

    Toward a typeface for the transcription of facial actions in sign languages

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    International audienceNon-manual actions, and more specifically facial actions (FA) can be found in all Sign Languages (SL). Those actions involve all the different facial parts and can have various and intricate linguistic relations with manual signs. Unlike in vocal languages, FA in SL provide more meaning than simple expressions of feelings and emotions. Yet non-manual parameters are among the most unknown formal features in SL studies. During the past 30 years, some studies have started questioning the meanings and linguistic values and the relations between manual and non-manual signs (Crashborn et al. 2008; Crashborn & Bank 2014); more recently, SL corpora have been analysed, segmented, and transcribed to help study FA (Vogst-Svenden 2008; Bergman et al. 2008; Sutton-Spence & Day 2008).Moreover, to fill the lack of an annotation system for FA, a few manual annotation systems have integrated facial glyphs, such as HamNoSys (Prillwitz et al. 1989) and SignWriting (Sutton 1995). On one hand, HamNoSys has been developed to describe all existing SLs at a phonetic level; it allows a formal, linear, highly detailed and searchable description of manual parameters. As for non-manual parameters, HamNoSys offers the replacement of hands by another articulators. Non-manual parameters can be written as “eyes” or “mouth” and described by the same symbols developed for hands (Hanke 2004). Unfortunately only a limited number of manual symbols can be translated into FA and the annotation system remains incomplete. On the other hand, SignWriting describes SL with iconic symbols placed in a 2D space representing the signer’s body. Facial expressions are divided into mouth, eyes, nose, eyebrows, etc., and are drawn in a circular “head” much like emoticons. SignWriting offers a detailed description of posture and actions of non-manual parameters, but does not ensure compatibility with the most common annotation software used by SL linguists (e.g., ELAN).Typannot, a interdisciplinary project led by linguists, designers, and developers, which aims to set up a complete transcription system for SL that includes every SL parameter (handshape, localisation, movement, FA), has developed a different methodologie. As mentioned earlier, FA have various linguistic values (mouthings, adverbial mouth gestures, semantically empty, enacting, whole face) and also include prosody and emotional meanings. In this regard, they can be more variable and signer-related than manual parameters. To offer the best annotation tool, Typannot’s approach has been to define facial parameters and all their possible tangible configurations. The goal is to set up the most efficient, simple, yet complete and universal formula to describe all possible FA.This formula is based on a 3 dimensional grid. Indeed all the different configurations of FA can be described by its X, Y, Z axis position. As a result, all FA can be described and encoded using a restricted list of 39 qualifiers. Based on this model and to help reduce the annotation process, a set of generic glyphs has been developed. Each qualifier has its own symbolic “generic” glyph. This methodical decomposition of all facial components enables a precise and accurate transcription of a complex FA using only a few glyphs.This formula and its generic glyphs have gone through a series of tests and revisions. Recently, an 18m20s long FA corpus of two deaf signers has been recorded using two different cameras. The first one, RGB HQ, is used to capture a high quality image and the second, infrared Kinect, is used to captured the depth. The latter was linked with Brekel Proface 2 (Leong et al. 2015), a 3D animation software that enables an automatic recognition of FA. This corpus has been fully annotated using Typannot’s generic glyphs. These annotations have enabled the validation of the general structure of Typannot FAformula and to identify some minor corrections to be made. For instance, it has been shown that the description of the air used to puff out or suck in cheeks is too restrictive and the description of the opening and closure of the eyelids is too unnecessarily precise.When those changes are implemented, our next task will be to develop a morphological glyphic system that will combine the different generic glyphs used for each facial parameter into one unique morphological glyph. This means that for any given FA, all the information contained in Typannot descriptive formula will be contained within one legible glyph. Some early research and work has already begun on this topic, but needs further development before providing a statement on its typographic structure. When this system is completed, it will be released with its own virtual keyboard (Typannot Keyboard, currently in development for handshapes) to help transcription and improve annotation processes.Bibliography :-ChĂ©telat-PelĂ©, E. (2010). Les Gestes Non Manuels en Langue des Signes Française ; Annotation, analyse et formalisation : application aux mouvements des sourcils et aux clignements des yeux. UniversitĂ© de Provence - Aix-Marseille I.-Crasborn, O., Van Der Kooij, E., Waters, D., Woll, B., & Mesch, J. (2008). Frequency distribution and spreading behavior of different types of mouth actions in three sign languages. Sign Language & Linguistics, 11(1), 45–67.-Crasborn, O. A., & Bank, R. (2014). An annotation scheme for the linguistic study of mouth actions in sign languages. http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/132960-Fontana, S. (2008). Mouth actions as gesture in sign language. Gesture, 8(1), 104‑123.-Hanke, T. (2004). HamNoSys—Representing sign language data in language resources and language processing contexts. In Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages on the occasion of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (p. 1‑6).-Leong, C. W., Chen, L., Feng, G., Lee, C. M., & Mulholland, M. (2015). Utilizing depth sensors for analyzing multimodal presentations: Hardware, software and toolkits (p. 547‑556).Presented at Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ACM.-Prillwitz, S., Leven, R., Zienert, H., Hanke, T., & Henning, J. (1989). Hamburg notation system for sign languages: An introductory guide. Signum Press, Hamburg.-Sandler, W. (2009). Symbiotic symbolization by hand and mouth in sign language. Semiotica, 2009(174), 241‑275. http://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2009.035-Sutton, V. (1995). Lessons in Sign Writing: Textbook. DAC, La Jolla (CA).-Sutton-Spence, R., & Boyes-Braem, P. (2001). The hands are the head of the mouth: The mouth as articulator in sign languages. Signum Press, Hamburg
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