Secret Key Generation Schemes for Physical Layer Security

Physical layer security (PLS) has evolved to be a pivotal technique in ensuring secure wireless communication. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent developments in physical layer secret key generation (PLSKG). The principle, procedure, techniques and performance metricesare investigated for PLSKG between a pair of users (PSKG) and for a group of users (GSKG). In this paper, a detailed comparison of the various parameters and techniques employed in different stages of key generation such as, channel probing, quantisation, encoding, information reconciliation (IR) and privacy amplification (PA) are provided. Apart from this, a comparison of bit disagreement rate, bit generation rate and approximate entropy is also presented. The work identifies PSKG and GSKG schemes which are practically realizable and also provides a discussion on the test bed employed for realising various PLSKG schemes. Moreover, a discussion on the research challenges in the area of PLSKG is also provided for future research

Design and Development of Automatic Operated Seeds Sowing Machine

The area of agriculture is so wide, therefore this field requires the advance technologies in the process of sowing, cropping, cutting. This advancement in technology will not affect the quality of soil and increase the efficiency of getting crop. During the seed sowing process the feeding of seed as well as fertilizer is pour. Now a days the availability of labor is a major problem faced by farmer. We demonstrate that the easy method for seed sowing. In this work we replace complicated gear system by hall effect sensor for easier and costlier seed sowing and also reduce a need of labor. The Hall Effect sensor convert rotation into distance for which seed sowing at particular distance. Also there is adjustable system for sowing at different distance. By using this machine the sowing can be done row by row and distance will maintain. So this machine reduces their efforts and reduces the cost of seed sowing process with great efficiency and accuracy with reducement in labor requirement

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 1-[2-(10- p

Aiming at the development of antimicrobial agents, we have synthesized nine chlorobenzyl substituted phenothiazinyl chalcones by condensing 2-acetyl phenothiazine with aldehyde derivatives in dilute ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature according to Claisen - Schmidt condensation and subsequent reaction of products with p-chlorobenzyl bromide. Structures of these compounds were elucidated by their IR, 'H NMR spectroscopic data and microonalyses. The antimicrobial activity of the new products was evaluated by Filter Paper Disc Method

Relaxant effects of aqueous cold extracts of Carum copticum on smooth muscle

Background: The objective was to study the nature of relaxant effect of cold aqueous extracts of Carum copticum on rat alimentary tract and uterus.Methods: The aqueous cold extracts of Carum copticum (omum) whole seeds (OE1) or ground seeds (OE2) was prepared by leaving them (10g to 100mL) in distilled water for 4 hrs. Rat isolated tissues like stomach, duodenum, jejunum or uterus 4 cm pieces were mounted in a 20mL bath containing Tyrode solution or De Jalons at 37°C with continuous aeration. The effect of Carum copticum extracts and thymol on spontaneous activity of intestine and on acetylcholine (ACh), Histamine (H), Barium chloride (BaCl2) induced contractions or Adrenaline produced (Adr) relaxations were observed. Thymol content of omum was estimated by HPLC.Results: Omum extracts decreased or abolished spontaneous contractions of intestine but did not antagonize the contractions induced by ACh, H or relaxation induced by adrenaline. Thymol did not show any such effect. The stimulant action of BaCl2 was antagonized by aqueous cold extracts of omum similar to Papaverine.Conclusions: The relaxant effect of Carum copticum on rat intestine appears to be a direct effect on smooth muscle like papaverine

Students’ perspective on absenteeism: a cross-sectional study among students at government medical colleges of Western Maharashtra

Background: The professional courses as undergraduate medical education need high theoretical and clinical classes attendance as those students will be future doctors and will deal with the health and disease of the public. In spite of implementing strict policies regarding student attendance, the rate of absenteeism in medical colleges remains high and is a growing apprehension a phenomenon that is also on the rise in universities worldwide. Methods: A cross-sectional study in few Governments Medical Colleges of Western region of Maharashtra using a self-administered questionnaire. Data was collected and analysed through Google forms. Results: Preparatory leave before every examination required (50.7%), air-conditioned classrooms (49.7%), good ventilated classrooms (44.1%), interactive teachers (41.8%), decrease lecture duration (38%), more practical less theory classes (37.6%) and good transportation facilities (34.3%) were various major suggestions given by students to increase the overall attendance. Conclusions: Feedback from students must be repeatedly considered while designing and revising the curriculum to reduce absenteeism

Pulmonary artery stiffness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and emphysema: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) COPD Study

Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and particularly emphysema are characterized by stiffness of the aorta, due in part to accelerated elastin degradation in the lungs and aorta. Stiffness of the pulmonary arteries (PAs) may also be increased in COPD and emphysema, but data are lacking. We assessed PA stiffness using MRI in patients with COPD and related these measurements to COPD severity and percent emphysema. Materials and Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) COPD Study recruited 290 participants, age 50–79 years with 10 or more packyears and free of clinical cardiovascular disease. COPD severity were defined on postbronchodilator spirometry by ATS/ERS criteria. Percent emphysema was defined as the percentage of regions of the lung < -950 Hounsfield units on full-lung computed tomography (CT). PA stain was defined by the percent change in cross-sectional PA area between systole and diastole on MRI. Blood flow across the tricuspid and mitral valves was assessed by phase-contrast MRI for determination of the ventricular diastolic dysfunction (E/A ratio). Results: PA strain was reduced in COPD compared with controls (P = 0.002) and was inversely correlated with COPD severity (P = 0.004). PA strain was inversely associated to percent emphysema (P = 0.01). PA strain was also markedly correlated with right ventricular diastolic dysfunction measured by E/A ratios in the fully adjusted mix models (P = 0.02). Conclusion: PA strain is reduced in COPD, related in part to percent emphysema on CT scan, which may have implications for pulmonary small vessel flow and right ventricular function. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage

Analysis of ectopic pregnancy at a tertiary care hospital: one year study

Background: Ectopic gestation is the leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity in first trimester and is a major cause of reduced child bearing potential. The aims of our study were to understand the clinical profile, risk factors, sites and management modalities of ectopic pregnancy at tertiary care hospital.Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out for one year at the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of our institute. Data of the women admitted for management of ectopic pregnancy during January to December, 2010 was collected and analysed.Results: The proportion of ectopic pregnancy was 0.7 % at our institute. Majority of women 45(83.2%) were between the age group of 21-30 years. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) contributed to ectopic pregnancy in 16(29.6%) women. The most common symptom was lower abdominal pain, in 50(92.6%) women. Marked pallor was present in 25(46.3%) women and 38(70.4%) women had cervical motion tenderness. Out of all women, 10(18.5%), 18(33.3%) and 26(48.1%) women were managed successfully with methotrexate, laparoscopy and laparotomy respectively. The success rate was 83.3%, 90% and 100% with methotrexate, laparoscopy and laparotomy respectively. Blood and blood products were given to 25(46.3%) women. Conclusion: Ectopic pregnancy is a growing problem of reproductive age group. Women should be encouraged regarding early reporting of missed periods and made aware of complications of ectopic pregnancy and necessity of seeking urgent medical help as early as possible so that early diagnosis and prompt conservative surgical or medical management of ectopic pregnancy can be done

A randomised controlled trial to compare the efficacy of preinduction with mifepristone 12 hours versus 24 hours prior for second trimister pregnancy termination

Background: Since the second trimester termination of pregnancy is on rise due to the detection of anomalies, this study aims to provide a safe regimen with respect to efficacy, side effects and acceptability for second trimester pregnancy termination.Methods: It is a randomized controlled trial, conducted on 48 cases at BLDE Medical college, Vijayapur, Karnataka. They were divided into two groups; all patients were given mifepristone 200mg orally followed by misoprostol 400mcg vaginally after 12 hours in group I and 24 hours in group II respectively. Subsequent doses were decided depending on the Bishops score. Results were analyzed in terms of induction-abortion interval and dosage of misoprostol.Results: The mean induction abortion interval was 563.9 minutes (9.3hrs) in group I and 714.6 minutes (11.9hrs) in group II; but was statistically not significant (p value 0.611) The total dose of misoprostol used was 783.3mcg in group I compared to 550mcg in group II, but was statistically not significant. The success rate was 100% in both the groups as none of them had incomplete abortion. There were no cases of uterine rupture, infection, need for check curettage and laparotomy.Conclusions: Our study proves that the interval between mifepristone and misoprostol can be safely reduced to 12 hours without affecting the efficacy. But in gestational age <16 weeks and primigravida 24 hours interval may be of benefit. Both the regimens were 100% successful

MATLAB Based Realtime Face Recognition for Attendance Monitoring using PCA

Face acknowledgment is a testing issue because of variety in demeanor, posture, brightening and maturing and so on. The presented paper basically deals with the working of face recognition system using Principal Component analysis (PCA). PCA is a quantifiable approach used for diminishing the quantity of factors in confront acknowledgement. In PCA, each photo in the planning set is considered as an immediate mix of weighted eigenvectors called eigenfaces. These eigenvectors are obtained from covariance lattice of an arrangement picture set. The weights are found in the way of picking a game plan of most noteworthy Eigenfaces. Affirmation is done by anticipating a test picture onto the subspace crossed by the eigenfaces and after that course of action is done by assessing the minimum Euclidean division