Un modelo de aprendizaje colaborativo para la Edad Moderna: el recurso a las TICs y su aplicación a un entorno de docencia virtual

Depto. de Dibujo y GrabadoFac. de Bellas ArtesFALSEsubmitte

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

The grammaticalization of specificity (and beyong) in Boruca

Artículo publicado en International Journal of American Linguistics (IJAL) 2000, 66 (3): 549-562

Lo que no es en Buglere

Artículo publicado en Estudios de lingüística chibcha (San José: Universidad de Costa Rica) n. 26 (2007). Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto Nº 022540 de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la UNA, “Esbozo gramatical del buglere”. Los ejemplos para este estudio provienen principalmente de Margery y Rodríguez (1992), aunque también se consultaron ejemplos con hablantes nativos de la reserva guaymí, en Coto Brus, Puntarenas. El autor agradece a Ofelina Santos y Luis Morales, hablantes nativos del buglere, por su valiosa cooperación para este proyecto

The bari language of Venezuela : a glimpse at the chibchan periphery

Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (Munchen) Vol. 57 No. 4 (2004) p. 362-37

Word order, participant encoding and the alleged ergativity in Teribe

This paper is part of a series of descriptions of aspects of Teribe grammar supported by Grant 410-98-0138 from the Social Sciences and Research Council of Canada. Published in International Journal of American Linguistics (IJAL) 2000, 66 (1) 98-124

Transitividad e inversión en teribe

Estudios de linguística chibcha. -- No.18-19 (1999-2000), p.35-5

El buglere : lengua obsolescente

Incluye resumen en ingle

Tú, vos, vuestra merced en la sociedad clasista

Se analiza el uso de la lengua española a través de los siglos xv, xvi y xvii, en las diferentes clases sociales (opresores-oprimidos).