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Effects of executive control on memory integration and inference in adults
Expanding knowledge in the face of associated and potentially competitive information depends on memory integration. Prior research shows evidence of memory integration in associative learning tasks, which is often correlated with prefrontal activation. While prefrontal regions are implicated in executive control, there’s little evidence of the causal role of executive control on integration. In the present research, adults (N=12) completed a well-established associative learning task in which they learned a series of character-object AB pairs followed by overlapping object-object BC pairs. Following learning, integration of the overlapping pairs was assessed through inference task performance, in which they were tested for knowledge of the novel AC pairs. Critically, half of the overlapping BC pairs were learned while completing a divided attention task in which participants were asked to count simultaneously presented sounds, whereas the other half of BC pairs were incidentally encoded as in prior research, thus serving as a within-participant baseline performance comparison. The divided attention manipulation was designed to engage executive control processes, thus preventing utilization of such processes for additional tasks, namely for formation of the relation between AB and BC pairs online during overlapping learning. Retrieval of direct pairs learned in the divided attention condition was worse compared to pairs in the control condition, suggesting that the manipulation impaired attentional resources. Moreover, adults demonstrated decreased inference accuracy and increased response times for AC items learned under the divided attention condition relative to pairs learned in the control condition, even when direct AB and BC memory was controlled. These results demonstrate how targeting executive processes results in decreased integration, thus providing direct evidence for the role of executive control in flexible memory integration.Neuroscienc
Cerebrospinal fluid leak during stapes surgery: Gushing leaks and oozing leaks, two different phenomena.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is an uncommon event that can occur during stapes surgery. Such leaks can be classified as gushing leaks (stapes gushers) and oozing leaks. A stapes gusher is a massive flow of CSF through the perforated footplate that fills the middle ear suddenly, while an oozing leak is a slower and less profuse flow. We conducted a retrospective, observational, multicenter study of 38 patients—23 men and 15 women, aged 23 to 71 years (mean: 47)—who had experienced a CSF leak during stapes surgery. Patients were divided into various groups according to the type of surgical procedure performed and the type of postoperative complications they experienced. Audiometric and clinical evaluations were carried out pre- and postoperatively. Correlations among surgical variations (total or partial stapedectomy, placement of a prosthesis), hearing outcomes, and the incidence of postoperative complications (postoperative CSF leak and vertigo) were studied. Our statistical analysis revealed that gushing leaks and oozing leaks result in different degrees of hearing impairment and different rates of complications. We recommend that an individual approach be used to manage these complications
Degenerate Squeezing in Waveguides: A Unified Theoretical Approach
We consider pulsed-pump spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) as well
as pulsed single- and dual-pump spontaneous four-wave mixing processes in
waveguides within a unified Hamiltonian theoretical framework. Working with
linear operator equations in -space, our approach allows inclusion of linear
losses, self- and cross-phase modulation, and dispersion to any order. We
describe state evolution in terms of second-order moments, for which we develop
explicit expressions. We use our approach to calculate the joint spectral
amplitude of degenerate squeezing using SPDC analytically in the perturbative
limit, benchmark our theory against well-known results in the limit of
negligible group velocity dispersion, and study the suitability of recently
proposed sources for quantum sampling experiments.Comment: All of the Python code used in this work is available on GitHub
https://github.com/XanaduAI/kerr-squeezin
Hydrogen bonding in substituted nitroanilines : isolated nets in 1,3-diamino-4-nitrobenzene and continuously interwoven nets in 3,5-dinitroaniline
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Benign Bilateral Adenomyoepithelioma of the Mammary Gland in a Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta)
Naturally occurring mammary tumours are uncommon in prosimians. A 20-year-old female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) developed bilateral enlargement of the mammary glands. Surgical removal revealed that both masses were comprised of multiple nodules and cystic areas that entirely replaced the normal glands. Histologically, a benign neoplastic biphasic cellular proliferation, composed of luminal–epithelial and basal–myoepithelial components, was identified. Immunohistochemical analysis for expression of cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, CK7, CK5 + 8, CK14, vimentin, p63 and 14-3-3σ highlighted the biphasic nature of the neoplasm. A low mitotic count, low Ki67 labelling index, expression of oestrogen receptor-α, lack of expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor and a 3-year disease-free period without recurrence supported the benign nature of the tumour. Macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically this neoplasm resembled benign adenomyoepithelioma of the breast in women. This is the first complete report of a naturally occurring mammary tumour in a ring-tailed lemur
In Pursuit Of Frcp 1: Creative Approaches To Cutting And Shifting The Costs Of Discovery
The most important rule of all is the last sentence of [FRCP] 1, which provides that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ‘shall be construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.’ It is this command that gives all the other rules life and meaning and timbre in the realist world of the trial court
The electrical characterization and response to hydrogen of Schottky diodes with a resistive metal electrode—rectifying an oversight in Schottky diode investigation
International audienceSchottky barrier structures with a resistive metal electrode are examined using the 4-point probe method where the probes are connected to the metal electrode only. The observation of a significant decrease in resistance with increasing temperature (over a range of ~ 100K) in the diode resistance-temperature (R D-T) characteristic is considered due to charge carrier confinement to the metal electrode at low temperature (high resistance), with the semiconductor progressively opening up as a parallel current carrying channel (low resistance) with increasing temperature due to increasing thermionic emission across the barrier. A simple model is constructed, based on thermionic emission at quasi-zero bias, that generates good fits to the experimental data. The negative differential resistance (NDR) region in the R D -T characteristic is a general effect and is demonstrated across a broad temperature range for a variety of Schottky structures grown on Si-, GaAs- and InP- substrates. In addition the NDR effect is harnessed in micro-scaled Pd/n-InP devices for the detection of low levels of hydrogen in an ambient atmosphere of nitrogen
Evaluation of the anti-angiogenic potential of hydroxytyrosol derivatives
Angiogenesis, a process which allows the formation of new vessels from pre-existing ones, is an essential phenomenon for tumor survival since it allows cancer cells to obtain nutrients and oxygen. This explains the increasing interest showed by many groups of research and pharmaceutical companies to find compounds with potential to disrupt at least one of the steps within the angiogenic process.
Hydroxytyrosol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol) has been identified as the most important health-related phenolic compound of virgin olive oil because of its pleiotropic effects on multiple targets. In 2012, our group identified hydroxytyrosol as an anti-angiogenic compound able to inhibit several key steps in the angiogenic process. In the present study, the potential effects of six hydroxytyrosol derivatives are tested and compared with those exhibited by hydroxytyrosol by making use of several in vitro and in vivo assays. Results indicate that these are candidate new anti-angiogenic compounds with potential utility in anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic therapies.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
[Our experimental work is supported by grants BIO2014-56092-R (MINECO and FEDER) and P12-CTS-1507 (Andalusian Government and FEDER) and funds from group BIO-267 (Andalusian Government). The "CIBER de Enfermedades Raras" is an initiative from the ISCIII (Spain)]. This communication has the support of a travel grant
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