635 research outputs found
Think Twice: Perspective-Taking Improves Large Language Models' Theory-of-Mind Capabilities
Human interactions are deeply rooted in the interplay of thoughts, beliefs,
and desires made possible by Theory of Mind (ToM): our cognitive ability to
understand the mental states of ourselves and others. Although ToM may come
naturally to us, emulating it presents a challenge to even the most advanced
Large Language Models (LLMs). Recent improvements to LLMs' reasoning
capabilities from simple yet effective prompting techniques such as
Chain-of-Thought have seen limited applicability to ToM. In this paper, we turn
to the prominent cognitive science theory "Simulation Theory" to bridge this
gap. We introduce SimToM, a novel two-stage prompting framework inspired by
Simulation Theory's notion of perspective-taking. To implement this idea on
current ToM benchmarks, SimToM first filters context based on what the
character in question knows before answering a question about their mental
state. Our approach, which requires no additional training and minimal
prompt-tuning, shows substantial improvement over existing methods, and our
analysis reveals the importance of perspective-taking to Theory-of-Mind
capabilities. Our findings suggest perspective-taking as a promising direction
for future research into improving LLMs' ToM capabilities
Face-to-Face Contrastive Learning for Social Intelligence Question-Answering
Creating artificial social intelligence - algorithms that can understand the
nuances of multi-person interactions - is an exciting and emerging challenge in
processing facial expressions and gestures from multimodal videos. Recent
multimodal methods have set the state of the art on many tasks, but have
difficulty modeling the complex face-to-face conversational dynamics across
speaking turns in social interaction, particularly in a self-supervised setup.
In this paper, we propose Face-to-Face Contrastive Learning (F2F-CL), a graph
neural network designed to model social interactions using factorization nodes
to contextualize the multimodal face-to-face interaction along the boundaries
of the speaking turn. With the F2F-CL model, we propose to perform contrastive
learning between the factorization nodes of different speaking turns within the
same video. We experimentally evaluated the challenging Social-IQ dataset and
show state-of-the-art results
Difference-Masking: Choosing What to Mask in Continued Pretraining
The self-supervised objective of masking-and-predicting has led to promising
performance gains on a variety of downstream tasks. However, while most
approaches randomly mask tokens, there is strong intuition that deciding what
to mask can substantially improve learning outcomes. We investigate this in
continued pretraining setting in which pretrained models continue to pretrain
on domain-specific data before performing some downstream task. We introduce
Difference-Masking, a masking strategy that automatically chooses what to mask
during continued pretraining by considering what makes a task domain different
from the pretraining domain. Empirically, we find that Difference-Masking
outperforms baselines on continued pretraining settings across four diverse
language-only and multimodal video tasks
Estrogen transactivates EGFR via the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor Edg-3: the role of sphingosine kinase-1
The transactivation of enhanced growth factor receptor (EGFR) by G proteinācoupled receptor (GPCR) ligands is recognized as an important signaling mechanism in the regulation of complex biological processes, such as cancer development. Estrogen (E2), which is a steroid hormone that is intimately implicated in breast cancer, has also been suggested to function via EGFR transactivation. In this study, we demonstrate that E2-induced EGFR transactivation in human breast cancer cells is driven via a novel signaling system controlled by the lipid kinase sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1). We show that E2 stimulates SphK1 activation and the release of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), by which E2 is capable of activating the S1P receptor Edg-3, resulting in the EGFR transactivation in a matrix metalloproteaseādependent manner. Thus, these findings reveal a key role for SphK1 in the coupling of the signals between three membrane-spanning events induced by E2, S1P, and EGF. They also suggest a new signal transduction model across three individual ligand-receptor systems, i.e., ācriss-crossā transactivation
Generating Images Instead of Retrieving Them : Relevance Feedback on Generative Adversarial Networks
Finding images matching a userās intention has been largely basedon matching a representation of the userās information needs withan existing collection of images. For example, using an exampleimage or a written query to express the information need and re-trieving images that share similarities with the query or exampleimage. However, such an approach is limited to retrieving onlyimages that already exist in the underlying collection. Here, wepresent a methodology for generating images matching the userintention instead of retrieving them. The methodology utilizes arelevance feedback loop between a user and generative adversarialneural networks (GANs). GANs can generate novel photorealisticimages which are initially not present in the underlying collection,but generated in response to user feedback. We report experiments(N=29) where participants generate images using four differentdomains and various search goals with textual and image targets.The results show that the generated images match the tasks andoutperform images selected as baselines from a fixed image col-lection. Our results demonstrate that generating new informationcan be more useful for users than retrieving it from a collection ofexisting information.Peer reviewe
Developing an Extracellular Vesicle Based Treatment for Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cargo-filled bodies that mediate intercellular communication and are influential in OA pathogenesis. This study utilized parallel methodologies to investigate whether EV signaling can be manipulated to combat OA. The first approach aimed to identify cells lines that produce EVs with therapeutic activity against OA, while the second introduced miRNA in EVs to induce cartilage regeneration. EVs derived from synovial fibroblasts (SFBs) induced further inflammation. Moreover, miRNA did not impact MMP-13 production. While SFB-EVs were pro-inflammatory, increasing the amount of MMP-13 present, human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-hMSC) EVs did not stimulate a change in MMP-13 production. Future studies should further characterize these results to maximize therapeutic impact
Li2NiO2F a new oxyfluoride disordered rocksalt cathode material
Lithium-rich disordered rocksalts such as Li1.3Nb0.3Mn0.4O2 and Li2MnO2F are being investigated as high energy density cathodes for next generation Li-ion batteries. They can support the (de) lithiation of lithium ions over large compositional ranges while preserving the same overall structure. Here, we present a new Ni-rich oxyfluoride cathode, Li2NiO2F, with a disordered rocksalt structure. Li2NiO2F and can deliver a discharge capacity of 200 mAh gā1 at an average voltage of 3.2 V
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