Design of Sustainable, Efficient, Safe, and Economically Viable Solution for Solar Street Lighting System

<p>The combination of solar and LED lighting has enabled interest in the municipalities and governing authorities to consider solar LED lighting as economical and as an efficient choice to lighten streets. Stand-alone/decentralized solar solutions are very popular for these applications. However, these solutions suffer from poor performance due to dust accumulation and difficulty in accessing PV panels for regular maintenance. Further, these solutions need design change in pole’s mechanical structure, often built with customized PV panels and also oversized to take care of no-sunshine days i.e. 3−7 days. To overcome these drawbacks, centralized 230V AC or 48V DC systems have been installed in the field. However, 230V AC or 48V DC systems are inefficient either due to multiple power conversions in the power delivery path or higher distribution losses resulting in higher panel and battery capacities and hence higher cost. This paper proposes unique power architecture i.e. Centralized DC solar street lighting system on 220V DC distribution line, which is 15−20% more energy efficient than inverter based AC centralized solution. This efficiency gain results in less material usage such as lead (in battery), silicon, supporting metal frames, packaging material etc. leading to more environmentally friendly than existing technologies and also lower system capital cost. Further there is also possibility for grid interconnectivity, which will further lead to reduction in battery capacity and hence payback period will be lowered. AC grid system needs accurate prediction system to optimize green energy utilization. With AC backup, centralized system can be designed with only 25%−50% oversizing against 300%−500% in conventional system. Similarly to reduce the cost of electronics, Dual Function Converter (DFC) has been proposed. This results in reduction of number of components, footprint and controller size in centralized system by nearly 50% and enhances reliability by a factor of 2. The proposed solution results in lower solar array and battery capacities, smaller electronics footprints and lower demand of material resource in street lighting poles.</p

(Z)-3-[2-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)hydrazin-1-ylidene]isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one dichloromethane hemisolvate

In the title compound, 2C14H8N4O6·CH2Cl2, the dichloromethane solvent molecule resides on a crystallographic twofold axis. The mean plane of the phthalisoimide ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 32.93 (12)° with respect to the nitro-substituted benzene ring. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. The crystal packing features a short Cl...O halogen-bond interaction [3.093 (3) Å]

Not Available

Not AvailableBacterial esterases are gaining the importance in pharmaceuticals and agrochemical industries due to their excellent biocatalytic properties and a wide range of applications. In the present study, a novel gene encoding an esterase (designated as Est-CR) was identified from shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of camel rumen (Camelus dromedarius) liquor. The open reading frame consisted of 1,224bp, which showed 84.03% sequence identity to Bacteroidales bacterium, corresponding to a protein of 407 amino acids and has a catalytic domain belonging to an esterase. Est-CR belonged to family V with GLSMG domain. The purified enzyme with a molecular mass of 62.64 kDa was checked on SDS-PAGE, and its expression was confirmed by western blotting. The enzyme was active and stable over a broad range of temperature (35–65 °C), displayed the maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 7.0. Individually all metal ions inhibited the enzyme activity, while in combination, K2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ metal ions enhanced the enzyme activity. The detergents strongly inhibited the activity, while EDTA (10 mM) increased the activity of the Est-CR enzyme. The enzyme showed specificity to short-chain substrates and displayed an optimum activity against butyrate ester. This novel enzyme might serve as a promising candidate to meet some harsh industrial processes enzymatic needs.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableBacterial esterases are gaining the importance in pharmaceuticals and agrochemical industries due to their excellent biocatalytic properties and a wide range of applications. In the present study, a novel gene encoding an esterase (designated as Est-CR) was identified from shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of camel rumen (Camelus dromedarius) liquor. The open reading frame consisted of 1,224bp, which showed 84.03% sequence identity to Bacteroidales bacterium, corresponding to a protein of 407 amino acids and has a catalytic domain belonging to an esterase. Est-CR belonged to family V with GLSMG domain. The purified enzyme with a molecular mass of 62.64 kDa was checked on SDS-PAGE, and its expression was confirmed by western blotting. The enzyme was active and stable over a broad range of temperature (35–65 °C), displayed the maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 7.0. Individually all metal ions inhibited the enzyme activity, while in combination, K2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ metal ions enhanced the enzyme activity. The detergents strongly inhibited the activity, while EDTA (10 mM) increased the activity of the Est-CR enzyme. The enzyme showed specificity to short-chain substrates and displayed an optimum activity against butyrate ester. This novel enzyme might serve as a promising candidate to meet some harsh industrial processes enzymatic needs.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableIn addition to a wide variety of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria, camel rumen also harbors a diverse of eukaryotic organisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic communities of camel rumen were characterized using 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from rumen samples of fourteen adult Bikaneri and Kachchhi breeds of camel fed different diets containing Jowar, Bajra, Maize, and Guar. Illumina sequencing generated 27,161,904 number of reads corresponding to 1543 total operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Taxonomic classification of community metagenome sequences from all the samples revealed the presence of 92 genera belonging to 16 different divisions, out of which Ciliophora (73%), Fungi (13%) and Streptophyta (9%) were found to be the most dominant. Notably, the abundance of Ciliophora was significantly higher in the case of Guar feed, while Fungi was significantly higher in the case of Maize feed, indicating the influence of cellulose and hemicellulose content of feedstuff on the composition of eukaryotes. The results suggest that the camel rumen eukaryotes are highly dynamic and depend on the type of diet given to the animal. Pearson’s correlation analysis suggested the ciliate protozoa and fungi were negatively correlated with each other. To the best of our knowledge, this is first systematic study to characterize camel rumen eukaryotes, which has provided newer information regarding eukaryotic diversity patterns amongst camel fed on different diets.Not Availabl