L'é́chantillonnage passif pour le suivi réglementaire de la contamination en pesticides des eaux de surface: intérêt et limites

National audiencePesticides have been used in agriculture and urban activities since the 1950s because they are cheap, easy to use and very efficient. But this intensive use has led to diffuse contamination of environmental compartments (air, soil, water). The presence of these molecules can lead to toxic effects for biota or affect human use of water. The implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the use of an efficient monitoring network, based on reliable sampling and analytical techniques. Nowadays, grab sampling followed by extraction of analytes and chromatographic analysis is the most widespread strategy because of its simplicity of implementation but it also has numerous drawbacks. The crux of the issue lies in the lack of temporal representativeness and the low analytical sensitivity. An alternative strategy to overcome some of these problems could be the use of passive samplers. This contribution aims at discussing the possible application of passive samplers in regulatory monitoring programs. After a brief review of the regulatory aspects of the WFD and the main characteristics of passive samplers, two examples of the implementation of a passive sampler (Polar organic chemical integrative sampler or Pocis) in the field are detailed. These field studies showed that Pocis can be adapted to the two components of the WFD, namely surveillance control and operational control, although some regulatory or technical adjustments are still needed. Passive sampling could therefore be used in addition to current practices fora better monitoring of surface water quality. © 2018 Assoc. Generale des Hygienistes et Techniciens Municipaux. All rights reserved

Evolution of thermophysical characteristics in tin oxide: from pressed powdercompact to fired porous body

International audienc

Etat des lieux des contaminants prioritaires et émergents : concentrations, flux et tendances

National audienceLe réseau de mesure de l'OSR a été construit dans une optique de mesure des flux de contaminants d'une part, et des concentrations d'autre part. Ces deux aspects ont été largement approfondis et développés au cours de l'OSR 4, avec l'ajout d'une grande variété de contaminants et l'instrumentation de nouvelles stations, notamment dans la partie sud du bassin versant. Cette synthèse présente les principaux résultats de toutes les actions visant à observer, quantifier et interpréter les concentrations et les flux de contaminants sur le bassin du Rhône

Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part A: Principles, calibration, preparation and analysis of the sampler

International audienceThe passive sampler Chemcatcher ® , which was developed in 2000, can be adapted for various types of water contaminants (e.g., trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and pharmaceutical residues) depending on the materials chosen for the receiving phase and the membrane. The Chemcatcher ® has been used in numerous research articles in both laboratory experiments and field exposures, and here we review the state-of-the-art in applying this passive sampler. Part A of this review covers (1) the theory upon which the sampler is based (i.e., brief theory, calculation of water concentration, Performance and Reference Compounds), (2) the preparation of the device (i.e., sampler design, choice of the membrane and disk, mounting of the tool), and (3) calibration procedures (i.e., design of the calibration tank, tested parameters, sampling rates)

Etalonnage du Chemcatcher pour des pesticides

Le Chemcatcher apolaire a été étalonné et largement étudié pour des composés tels que les HAP et PCB. Il existe en revanche très peu de données de calibration pour des pesticides hydrophobes. Les modèles cinétiques existants, basés sur des PRC du type HAP et la seule considération du log Kow des substances ne permettent pas d’estimer convenablement les taux d’échantillonnage de la plupart de composés considérés durant cette étude. Ainsi, des résultats acquis expérimentalement (constantes cinétiques et de distribution) sont présentés et des limites pressenties du Chemcatcher apolaire vis-à-vis des pesticides d’intérêt sont discutées

Thermal conductivity of porous alumina ceramics prepared using starch as a pore-forming agent

International audienc

Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part B: Field handling and environmental applications for the monitoring of pollutants and their biological effects

International audienceThe Chemcatcher ® has been used for a wide range of environmental applications in various media (river water, seawater, sewage water, treated wastewater). The aim of part B of this review is to compile and discuss the results obtained during these applications, from a screening or quantitative monitoring of water contamination, to a comparison with biomonitoring and bioassays. Special attention will also be paid to, firstly, the influence of environmental factors on analyte uptake and, secondly, the use of Performance and Reference Compounds for the in situ correction of sampling rates

Coupling passive sampling and time of flight mass spectrometry for a better estimation of polar pesticide freshwater contamination: Simultaneous target quantification and screening analysis

International audienceThe aim of this study was first to develop and validate an analytical method for the quantification of 35 polar pesticides and 9 metabolites by ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography combined with a high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer detector (UHPLC-(Q)-TOF). Various analytical conditions were investigated (eluent composition, mass parameters) to optimize analyte responses. Analytical performance (linearity, limit of quantification, accuracy) was then evaluated and interference in the extract of a passive sampler exposed in freshwater (POCIS: Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) was studied. The proposed quantification method was validated for 43 compounds with variation of calibration slopes below 10% in environmental matrix. For the unvalidated compound DIA (atrazine-deisopropyl: an atrazine metabolite), interference increased the error of concentration determination (50%). The limits of quantification obtained by combining POCIS and UHPLC-(Q)-TOF for 43 target compounds were between 0.1 (terbuthylazine) and 10.7 ng/L (acetochlor). Secondly, the method was successfully applied during a 14-day POCIS river exposure, and gave concentration values similar to a more commonly used triple quadrupole detector regarding concentration, but allowed for the detection of more compounds. Additionally with the targeted compound quantification, the (Q)-TOF mass spectrometer was also used for screening non-target compounds (other pesticides and pharmaceuticals) in POCIS extracts. Moreover, the acquisition of full scan MS data allowed the identification of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) compounds which gave unresolvable interference to DIA, and thus questions the ability of DIA to be used as PRC (Performance Reference Compound) to determine sampling rates in situ. This study therefore illustrates the potential, and proposes a pathway, of UHPLC-(Q)-TOF combined with POCIS in-situ pre-concentration for both quantitative and screening analyses of organic contaminants in water

Combining flux monitoring and data reconstruction to establish annual budgets of suspended particulate matter, mercury and PCB in the Rhône River from Lake Geneva to the Mediterranean Sea

International audienceLong term and high resolution data on water discharge, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and contaminant concentrations in rivers are required for a better understanding of particulate transfers from the continental areas to the seas. The aim of this study was to provide a novel estimation of annual fluxes of SPM and related pollutants in the Rhône River from Lake Geneva to the Mediterranean Sea by combining high frequency or time-integrative monitoring and novel relations between SPM concentration (Cs) and water discharge (Q). At six stations of the Rhône Sediment Observatory (OSR), SPM fluxes were calculated over the 2000-2016 period by combining observational data and Cs-Q relations. Monthly average concentrations of mercury (Hg) and PCB 180 were obtained by analysis of SPM samples collected in time integrative particle traps between 2011 and 2016. These pollutants were selected because of the well documented contamination of the Rhône watershed by these substances. Inter-annual fluxes at the Rhône River outlet averaged 6.6 Mt yr-1 for SPM, 572 kg yr-1 for Hg and 14 kg yr-1 for PCB 180. The Isère and Durance tributaries were found to be the main contributors of SPM fluxes. Annual SPM budgets were not balanced, suggesting deposition, remobilization of bottom sediments and/or contributions from non-monitored tributaries. The SPM sampled at the outlet was more contaminated than the combined SPM inputs from the monitored tributaries, suggesting that intermediate sources of contamination were not captured in the budget

Etude de la contamination en pesticides et en éléments traces métalliques des bassins versants du Trec et de l’Auvézère : application de l’échantillonnage intégratif passif : Rapport final synthèse campagnes 2012-2014

Pesticides have become a major component of modern agriculture and are largely use in many urban and domestic activities. These substances are found today in all compartments of the environment, particularly in aquatic environments. The emission and dispersion of active substances and their residues in the aquatic environment is potentially harmful to ecosystems, and their monitoring is then compulsory. The implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires sampling and analysis, combining high sensitivity, accuracy and reliability, and must be easily implemented. Currently, the methodology consists of spot sampling (once a month, usually) of water bodies followed by laboratory analysis. This approach suffers from a lack of time representativeness, coupled to unsatisfactory analytical sensitivity for some substances. Passive sampling techniques developed over the last 20 years could be included in the regulatory monitoring networks in order to overcome these issues, but some questions still remain as to their applicability. This work aimed to develop and apply passive samplers like POCIS and DGT into two watersheds located in Adour-Garonne basin, in order to assess the contribution of these techniques over conventional spot sampling. Especially, a higher knowledge on the type of pressure (e.g. detection frequencies , main substances found in water) and a better understanding of the consequences of the establishment of agri-environmental measures (trend monitoring) are expected. This work has also provided information on the robustness of the data integrated over the time and the fraction sampled by these tools (e.g. labile complex for heavy metals). Finally, we examined the applicability of these tools in the context of the WFD, after setting a confidence interval associated with the time-weighted average concentrations estimates, and then we proposed a decision scheme for the comparison with environmental quality standards.Les pesticides sont devenus une composante majeure de l’agriculture moderne et se sont imposés dans de nombreuses activités urbaines et domestiques. Ces substances se retrouvent aujourd’hui dans tous les compartiments de l’environnement notamment dans les milieux aquatiques. Le suivi resserré des substances actives et de leurs résidus, présents dans l’environnement à des concentrations potentiellement dommageables pour les écosystèmes, apparaît aujourd’hui comme une nécessité. L’application de la Directive cadre sur l’eau requiert des techniques d’échantillonnage et d’analyse performantes, alliant haute sensibilité, facilité de mise ½uvre, coûts abordables, et surtout précision et fiabilité. Actuellement, la méthodologie employée consiste en des prélèvements ponctuels d’eau (une fois par mois en général) suivi de l’analyse en laboratoire. Cette approche souffre d’un manque de représentativité temporelle, couplée à une sensibilité analytique parfois peu satisfaisante. Les techniques d’échantillonnage passif développées au cours des 20 dernières années pourraient être intégrées dans les réseaux de surveillance réglementaire afin de pallier ces manques, mais des questions subsistent encore quant à leur opérationnalité. Ces travaux ont visé à développer puis tester des échantillonneurs passifs du type POCIS et DGT au niveau de deux bassin versants, situés en Adour-Garonne, afin de juger de l’apport de ces techniques, par rapport aux prélèvements ponctuels classiques, dans le but de fournir davantage de connaissance sur le type de pression (e.g. fréquences de détections, substances phytosanitaires majoritairement retrouvées dans les eaux) et mieux appréhender les conséquences de la mise en place de mesures agro-environnementales (suivi de tendance). Ces travaux ont également fourni des renseignements sur la robustesse de la donnée intégrée dans le temps et la fraction échantillonnée par ces outils (e.g. complexes labiles pour les éléments trace métalliques). Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’applicabilité de ces outils dans le cadre de la DCE, après avoir défini un intervalle de confiance associé aux concentrations moyennes estimées dans le temps, puis proposé un schéma décisionnel en lien avec le rapportage et la comparaison avec les normes de qualité environnementales