A Comparative Analysis of Hardiness Among Different Generations in Contemporary Russia

Introduction. Studying the characteristics of hardiness among different generations merits special attention. The comparative analysis of the levels of hardiness and its individual components among representatives of Soviet, post-Soviet, and transitional generations has not been reported before. Methods. The study of hardiness among different generations employed the Hardiness Test by D. A. Leontiev and E. I. Rasskazova and involved 540 individual participants (234 men and 306 women) aged from 16 to 84 years. Results. The variance analysis was applied to reveal differences in hardiness and its structural components among the three generational groups. The levels of hardiness and its components differed significantly in the groups of respondents of the Soviet and transitional generations. Compared to the transitional generation group, the levels of control (p ≤ 0.0001), risk taking (p ≤ 0.0001), and hardiness (p ≤ 0.0001) were higher among representatives of the post-Soviet generation; the lowest levels of these variables were observed in the group of representatives of the Soviet generation. Compared to female respondents of the transitional and Soviet generations, males had higher levels of control (p ≤ 0.0001), risk taking (p ≤ 0.05) and hardiness (p ≤ 0.05). Discussion. The level of hardiness differs among generational and gender groups. The findings of the study suggest that the characteristics of hardiness should be investigated in late adulthood. This study has great potential for practical application for developing psychological programs for improving personal potential of vulnerable generations

Reclassification of Subspecies of \u3ci\u3eAcidovorax avenae\u3c/i\u3e as \u3ci\u3eA. Avenae\u3c/i\u3e (Manns 1905) emend., \u3ci\u3eA. cattleyae \u3c/i\u3e (Pavarino, 1911)comb.nov., \u3ci\u3eA. citrulli\u3c/i\u3e Schaad et al.,1978)comb.nov., and proposal of \u3ci\u3eA. oryzae \u3c/i\u3esp. nov.

The bacterium Acidovorax avenae causes disease in a wide range of economically important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, including corn, rice, watermelon, anthurium, and orchids.Genotypic and phenotypic relatedness among strains of phytopathogenic A. avenae sub sp. avenae, A. avenae sub sp. citrulli, A. avenae subsp. cattleyae and A. konjaci, as well as all other Acidovorax species, including A. facilis, the type strain of Acidovorax, was determined.The16s rDNA sequencing confirmed previous studies showing the environmental species to be very distant from the phytopathogenic species. DNA/DNA reassociation assays on the different strains of A. avenae revealed four(A, B, C, and D) distinct genotypes. Taxon A included six A. avenae subsp. avenaestrains from corn that had a mean reciprocal similarity of 81%; taxon B included six A. avenae sub sp. avenae strains from rice that had a mean reciprocal similarity of 97%; taxon C contained 11 A. avenae sub sp. citrulli strains from cucurbits (cantaloupe, watermelon, and pumpkin) that had a mean reciprocal similarity of 88%, and taxon D contained four A. avenae sub sp. cattleyae strains from orchids that had a mean similarity of 98%

Clinical grade ACE2 as a universal agent to block SARS-CoV-2 variants

The recent emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants has caused considerable concern due to both reduced vaccine efficacy and escape from neutralizing antibody therapeutics. It is, therefore, paramount to develop therapeutic strategies that inhibit all known and future SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we report that all SARS-CoV-2 variants analyzed, including variants of concern (VOC) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, exhibit enhanced binding affinity to clinical grade and phase 2 tested recombinant human soluble ACE2 (APN01). Importantly, soluble ACE2 neutralized infection of VeroE6 cells and human lung epithelial cells by all current VOC strains with markedly enhanced potency when compared to reference SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Effective inhibition of infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants was validated and confirmed in two independent laboratories. These data show that SARS-CoV-2 variants that have emerged around the world, including current VOC and several variants of interest, can be inhibited by soluble ACE2, providing proof of principle of a pan-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic

Human, Nonhuman Primate, and Bat Cells Are Broadly Susceptible to Tibrovirus Particle Cell Entry

In 2012, the genome of a novel rhabdovirus, Bas-Congo virus (BASV), was discovered in the acute-phase serum of a Congolese patient with presumed viral hemorrhagic fever. In the absence of a replicating virus isolate, fulfilling Koch’s postulates to determine whether BASV is indeed a human virus and/or pathogen has been impossible. However, experiments with vesiculoviral particles pseudotyped with Bas-Congo glycoprotein suggested that BASV particles can enter cells from multiple animals, including humans. In 2015, genomes of two related viruses, Ekpoma virus 1 (EKV-1) and Ekpoma virus 2 (EKV-2), were detected in human sera in Nigeria. Isolates could not be obtained. Phylogenetic analyses led to the classification of BASV, EKV-1, and EKV-2 in the same genus, Tibrovirus, together with five biting midge-borne rhabdoviruses [i.e., Beatrice Hill virus (BHV), Bivens Arm virus (BAV), Coastal Plains virus (CPV), Sweetwater Branch virus (SWBV), and Tibrogargan virus (TIBV)] not known to infect humans. Using individual recombinant vesiculoviruses expressing the glycoproteins of all eight known tibroviruses and more than 75 cell lines representing different animal species, we demonstrate that the glycoproteins of all tibroviruses can mediate vesiculovirus particle entry into human, bat, nonhuman primate, cotton rat, boa constrictor, and Asian tiger mosquito cells. Using four of five isolated authentic tibroviruses (i.e., BAV, CPV, SWBV, and TIBV), our experiments indicate that many cell types may be partially resistant to tibrovirus replication after virion cell entry. Consequently, experimental data solely obtained from experiments using tibrovirus surrogate systems (e.g., vesiculoviral pseudotypes, recombinant vesiculoviruses) cannot be used to predict whether BASV, or any other tibrovirus, infects humans

NEW APPROACHES TO TEACHER PHILOLOGIST TRAINING

В статье представлено теоретическое обоснование разработки дисциплин учебного модуля программ общегуманитарного профиля в области педагогической подготовки учителя-филолога в рамках бакалавриата в соответствии с новыми требованиями.Цель. Разработать теоретическое обоснование содержания дисциплины учебного модуля на принципах междисциплинарности, интегративности и практикоориентированности.Методы: анализ литературы, моделирование общих и частных гипотез исследования и проектирования результатов и процессов их достижения на различных этапах поисковой работы, анализ международных документов; обобщение и синтез, метод моделирования.Результаты. Представлены теоретические основания содержания дисциплин «Язык и литература как факторы развития толерантности» и «Психология межличностных отношений в языковой среде» учебного модуля «Коммуникация в современном поликультурном пространстве» учебного плана образовательной программы «Педагогическое образование (филологи)». Предложен новый подход к подготовке учителя-словесника в контексте междисциплинарности, интегративности и практикоориентированности.Область применения результатов: система высшего профессионального образования.The article explores the theory of teacher training in the field of Humanities and Pedagogy and the problem of devising academic syllabus for the Bachelor’s Degree in Philology and its compliance to present day requirements.Goa. Devising theoretical grounding to the course content in the academic discipline applying the principle of cross-subject communications, pragmatism and integral approach.Methods. Study of literature, modelling general and specific hypothesis, forecasting the results and processes at various stages of research, study of international documents, genera-lization and synthesis, simulation method.Results. The study presents theoretical grounding to the courses content ‘Language and Literature as Factors in Developing Tolerance’ and ‘Psychology of Interpersonal Relations in the Language Environment’ of the academic module ‘Communication in Modern Multicultural Environment’ within the syllabus ‘Pedagogical Education (philologists)’. The study presents new approach to practical training of a language teacher in the context of cross-subject communications and integrated and practical approaches.Scope of application: higher professional educatio

Use of a Seed Scarifier for Detection and Enumeration of Galls of \u3ci\u3eAnguina\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eRathayibacter\u3c/i\u3e Species in Orchard Grass Seed

Seed galls, caused by Anguina spp., are normally detected visually in cereals such as wheat and barley. However, in grasses such as orchard grass, the presence of galls induced by Anguina or Rathayibacter spp. are difficult to detect visually due to their infrequent occurrence and masking by lemmas and paleas. To develop improved seed assays for the presence of the nematode and bacterial galls, a small scarifier was used to remove lemmas and paleas without causing major damage to seeds or galls. Following scarification, the galls were visually identified and manually counted under a dissecting microscope. Using the scarifier, several orchard grass seed lots were screened for Anguina and Rathayibacter spp. The percentage of samples of orchard grass seed harvested in the Willamette Valley of Oregon during 1996, 1997, and 2000 containing galls of Anguina sp. were 37, 46, and 48, respectively. The percentage of samples containing bacterial galls with Rathayibacter sp. was 27, 31, and 40, respectively. Total galls with Anguina sp. per 25 g of orchard grass sample ranged from 1 to 24. The mean of Anguina sp. galls per sample in 1996, 1997, and 2000 were 4, 5, and 5, respectively. Total galls with bacteria per 25 g of sample ranged from 27 to 40; mean number of galls per sample in 1996, 1997, and 2000 were, 6, 5, and 11, respectively. This is the first report confirming the presence of Rathayibacter sp. galls in orchard grass in Oregon

Emended classification of xanthomonad pathogens on citrus

In the paper by Schaad et al. [24] on reclassification of several xanthomonads, nomenclatural errors were made. The name Xanthomonas smithii subsp. citri proposed for the former taxon X. campestris pv. citri ( = X. axonopodis pv. citri) is illegitimate. Following the reinstatement of X. citri (ex Hasse 1915) Gabriel et al. [9] as a validly published name, Young et al. [34] wrote that the reinstatement of this epithet was based on a description that was inadequate in terms of modern practice for the purpose of formal classification. This report was subsequently summarized by the International Committee on the Systematics of Bacteria (ICSB) Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of the Genus Pseudomonas and Related Organisms [32] as implying rejection of the epithet, which the Subcommittee itself appeared to endorse. As we now understand, in accord with the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (‘the Code’—hitherto the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria [14]) the Judicial Commission of the ICSP only may reject a name for precisely specified reasons (Rule 56a). We also misinterpreted the subsequent establishment of the pathovar ‘‘citri’’ within Xanthomonas axonopodis [29] as further evidence for rejection of reinstatement of X. citri [9]. Finally, believing that the epithet ‘‘citri’’ had been rejected, we followed rule 23a of the Code [14] and proposed an illegitimate specific epithet ‘‘smithii’’ (which also required establishing the subspecies epithet ‘‘smithii’’ replacing ‘‘malvacearum’’; see rule 13a [14]). In fact, X. citri Gabriel et al. 1989 was a legitimate, validly published name that was allowed to fall into abeyance because of the inadequacies perceived in its description. Schaad et al. [24] indicated their support for the conclusions of Gabriel et al. [9] but included DNA–DNA reassociation data indicated as necessary by for modern classification [26,31]. One purpose of this note is to recognize by effective publication the species related to pathogenic xanthomonads of citrus. The second purpose is to avoid confusion in plant pathological literature by replacing the illegitimate subspecies name X. smithii subsp. ‘‘smithii’’ with X. citri subsp. ‘‘malvacearum’’. For that purpose, corrected protologues for those species and subspecies are reported here: X. citri subsp. citri and X. citri subsp. malvacearum; X. fuscans subsp. fuscans and X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii; and X. alfalfae subsp. alfalfae and X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis. We also present (Table 1) GenBank accession numbers for the intergeneric spacer (ITS) sequences for the type strains proposed in this note [24]

Reclassification of \u3ci\u3eXanthomonas campestris\u3c/i\u3e pv. \u3ci\u3ecitri \u3c/i\u3e (ex Hasse 1915) Dye 1978 forms A, B/C/D, and E as \u3ci\u3eX. smithii \u3c/i\u3esubsp. \u3ci\u3ecitri \u3c/i\u3e (ex Hasse) sp. nov. nom. rev. comb. nov., \u3ci\u3eX. fuscans\u3c/i\u3e subsp. \u3ci\u3eaurantifolii\u3c/i\u3e (ex Gabriel 1989) sp. nov. nom. rev. comb. nov., and \u3ci\u3eX. alfalfae\u3c/i\u3e subsp. \u3ci\u3ecitrumelo\u3c/i\u3e (ex Riker and Jones) Gabriel et al., 1989 sp. nov. nom. rev. comb. nov.; \u3ci\u3eX. campestris\u3c/i\u3e pv \u3ci\u3emalvacearum\u3c/i\u3e (ex Smith 1901) Dye 1978 as \u3ci\u3eX. smithii\u3c/i\u3e subsp. \u3ci\u3esmithii\u3c/i\u3e nov. comb. nov. nom. nov.; \u3ci\u3eX. campestris\u3c/i\u3e pv. \u3ci\u3ealfalfae\u3c/i\u3e (ex Riker and Jones, 1935) Dye 1978 as \u3ci\u3eX. alfalfae\u3c/i\u3e subsp. \u3ci\u3ealfalfae\u3c/i\u3e (ex Riker et al., 1935) sp. nov. nom. rev.; and ‘‘var. fuscans’’ of \u3ci\u3eX. campestris\u3c/i\u3e pv. \u3ci\u3ephaseoli\u3c/i\u3e (ex Smith, 1987) Dye 1978 as \u3ci\u3eX. fuscans\u3c/i\u3e subsp. \u3ci\u3efuscans\u3c/i\u3e sp. nov.

Bacterial canker of citrus is a serious disease of citrus worldwide. Five forms of the disease have been described, cankers “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, and “E”. Although considerable genetic diversity has been described among the causal agents of the five forms of citrus canker and supports multiple taxons, the causal agents currently are classified as pathovars citri (“A”), aurantifolii (“B/C/D”) and citrumelo (“E”) of a single species, Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (or X. axonopodis pv. citri).To determine the taxonomic relatedness among strains of X. campestris pv. citri, we conducted DNA–DNA relatedness assays, sequenced the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) regions, and performed amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, using 44 strains representative of the five recognized forms of citrus canker.Under stringent DNA reassociation conditions (Tm -15 °C), three distinct genotypes of citrus pathogens were revealed: taxon I included all “A” strains; taxon II contained all “B”, “C”, and “D” strains; and taxon III contained all “E” strains. The three citrus taxa showed less than 50% (mean) DNA–DNA relatedness to each other and less than 30% (mean) to X. campestris pv. campestris and X. axonopodis pv. axonopodis. Taxa I and II strains share over 70% DNA relatedness to X. campestris pv. malvacearum and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans, respectively (at Tm -15 °C).Tax on III strains share 70% relatedness to X. campestris pv. alfalfae. Previous and present phenotypic data support these DNA reassociation data. Taxon II strains grow more slowly on agar media than taxa I and III strains. Taxa I and III strains utilize maltose, and liquefy gelatin whereas taxon II strains do not. Tax on I strains hydrolyze pectate (pH 7.0) whereas Taxon II strains do not. Taxon III strains utilize raffinose whereas Taxon I strains do not. Each taxon can be differentiated by serology and pathogenicity. We propose taxa I, II, and III citrus strains be named, respectively, Xanthomonas smithii subsp. citri (ex Hasse, 1915) sp. nov. nom. rev. comb. nov ., Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii (ex Gabriel et al., 1989) sp. nov. nom. rev. comb. nov. , and Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelo (ex Riker and Jones) Gabriel et al., 1989 nov. rev. comb. nov. Furthermore, based on the analysis of 40 strains of 19 other xanthomonads, we propose to reclassify X. campestris pv. malvacearum (ex Smith, 1901) Dye 1978 asX. smithii subsp. smithii sp. nov. comb. nov. nom. nov.; X. campestris pv. alfalfae (ex Riker and Jones) Dye 1978 as X. alfalfae subsp. alfalfae (ex Riker et al., 1935) sp. nov. nov. rev. ; and “var. fuscans” (ex Burkholder 1930) of X. campestris pv. phaseoli (ex Smith, 1897) as X. fuscans subsp. fuscans sp. nov