Controle genético da concentração de ferro em sementes de feijão comum mesoamericano e andino

The objective of this work was to evaluate the main differences in the genetic control of the iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds, in early generations, and to select recombinants with a high iron concentration in the seeds. F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal, and backcross (BC11 and BC11) generations were produced by crosses between Mesoamerican (CNFP 10104 x CHC 01‑175) and Andean (Cal 96 x Hooter) inbred lines. The expression of significant maternal effect was observed for the Mesoamerican gene pool. Iron concentration was higher in the seed coat of Mesoamerican common bean seeds (54.61 to 67.92%) and in the embryo of Andean common bean seeds (69.40 to 73.44%). High broad-sense heritability was obtained for iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Gains with the selection of higher magnitude, from 20.39 to 24.58%, are expected in Mesoamerican common bean seeds. Iron concentration in common bean seeds showed a continuous distribution in F2, which is characteristic of quantitative inheritance in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Recombinants with high iron concentration in seeds can be selected in both Mesoamerican and Andean common bean hybrids.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as principais diferenças no controle genético da concentração de ferro em sementes de feijão comum mesoamericano e andino, em gerações precoces, e selecionar recombinantes com alta concentração de ferro nas sementes. Foram obtidas as gerações F1, F1 recíproco, F2, F2 recíproco e de retrocruzamentos (RC11 e RC12), a partir de cruzamentos entre linhagens mesoamericanas (CNFP 10104 x CHC 01‑175) e andinas (Cal 96 x Hooter). A expressão de efeito materno significativo foi observada no grupo gênico mesoamericano. A concentração de ferro foi maior no tegumento das sementes de feijão comum mesoamericano (54,61 a 67,92%) e no embrião das sementes de feijão comum andino (69,40 a 73,44%). Alta estimativa de herdabilidade no sentido amplo foi obtida para a concentração de ferro em sementes de feijão comum mesoamericano e andino. Ganhos com a seleção de maior magnitude, de 20,39 a 24,58%, são esperados nas sementes de feijão comum mesoamericano. A concentração de ferro nas sementes de feijão comum apresentou distribuição contínua em F2, o que é característico de herança quantitativa em feijão comum mesoamericano e andino. Recombinantes com alta concentração de ferro nas sementes podem ser selecionados nos híbridos de feijão comum mesoamericano e andino

Multi-environmental analysis of the genetic diversity of black and “carioca” common bean lines recommended in brazil over the last 50 years

Ao longo de vários anos de melhoramento genético de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) no Brasil, inúmeras cultivares foram recomendadas, especialmente dos grupos comerciais preto e “carioca”. A cultura do feijoeiro é um dos produtos agrícolas de maior importância econômico-social, devido especialmente à mão-de-obra empregada desde o preparo para a semeadura até chegar ao produto final. O estudo da diversidade genética de linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” é importante para facilitar o processo de conhecimento e direcionamento dos programas de melhoramento da cultura no país. Assim, os objetivos destes estudos foram: 1) avaliar a diversidade genética das linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” recomendadas no Brasil nos últimos 50 anos, por meio de técnicas multivariadas, considerando a interação genótipos x ambientes (GxA) e 2) identificar as melhores linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” para compor blocos de cruzamentos, com base no índice de seleção FAI, o qual se baseia na análise de fatores. Foram utilizadas 77 cultivares e três linhagens elites do programa de melhoramento da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, totalizando 40 genótipos do grupo comercial preto e 40 do “carioca”, avaliadas em sete experimentos, nos municípios de Viçosa e Coimbra-MG, no período de 2013 e 2016. Os resultados do primeiro estudo mostraram interação GxA para todos os 15 caracteres morfoagronômicos avaliados, com predominância de interação do tipo complexa, o que refletiu em diferentes dendrogramas em cada ambiente auferidos pela estatística M 2 de Procrustes. As linhagens recomendadas após a década de 90 apresentaram melhor aspecto de grão e maiores produtividade e massa de 100 grãos, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por planta e número de grãos por vagem. As linhagens de feijão preto apresentaram arquitetura de planta mais ereta e maior diâmetro do hipocótilo comparadas às de grãos carioca. O número de vagens por planta e aspecto de grãos foram os caracteres que mais contribuíram para a diversidade genética. Há variabilidade genética entre as linhagens dos dois grupos comerciais, bem como entre as linhagens oriundas de diferentes instituições de pesquisa e décadas de recomendação. Linhagens de feijão preto e “carioca” apresentam entre si elevada variabilidade genética, com maior diversidade entre as linhagens de feijão do grupo “carioca” do que as do preto. A estratégia de soma das matrizes de dissimilaridade genética se mostrou eficiente para quantificar a diversidade multiambientes. O segundo estudo baseou-se em oito caracteres morfoagronômicos avaliados em sete ambientes, totalizando 56 caracteres analisadas. Os resultados obtidos a partir do índice FAI, o qual se baseia na análise de fatores, identificaram as linhagens de maior potencial para rendimento de grãos, independente de grupo comercial que são: IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Tiziu, BRS Expedito, IAC Ybaté, Iapar 65, IPR Uirapurú, BRSMG Majestoso, IPR Andorinha, VC 15 e IPR Tuiuiú. As linhagens BRS Valente, IPR Graúna, IPR Uirapurú, BRS Supremo, BRS Esplendor, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tiziu, VP 22, IPR Gralha (grupo comercial preto) e BRS Cometa (grupo comercial “carioca”) devem ser consideradas em blocos de cruzamento quando o objetivo for melhorar a arquitetura de planta. As linhagens do grupo comercial “carioca”: VC 15, IAC Alvorada, IPR 139, IAC Formoso, Pérola, IPR Tangará, BRS Estilo, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Andorinha e IAC Imperador devem ser consideradas em blocos de cruzamento quando o objetivo for melhorar aspectos de grão. O desempenho de linhagens em ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis contribui para a escolha de genitores divergentes e deve ser consideradana formação dos blocos de cruzamentos.Over several years of genetic improvement of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Brazil, numerous cultivars were recommended, especially from the black and "carioca" commercial groups. The common bean crop is one of the agricultural products of major economic and social importance, especially due to the workforce employed from the preparation for sowing to the final product. The study of the genetic diversity of common beans black and "carioca" lines is important to facilitate the process of knowledge and direction of the breeding programs of the culture in the country. Thus, the objectives of these studies were: 1) to evaluate the genetic diversity of black and "carioca" common bean lines recommended in Brazil in the last 50 years, using multivariate techniques and considering genotypes x environments interaction and 2) to recommend the best crosses of lines of black and "carioca" groups based on the FAI selection index, which is based on factor analysis. A total of 77 cultivars and three elite lines of the breeding program of the Federal University of Viçosa were used, totaling 40 genotypes of the commercial black group and 40 of the "carioca" group, evaluated in seven experiments in the municipalities of Viçosa and Coimbra-MG in the period of 2013 and 2016. The results of the first study showed interaction GxE for all 15 morphoagronomic characters evaluated, with a predominance of complex type interaction, which reflected in different dendrograms in each environment obtained by the Procrustes M 2 statistic. The recommended lines after the 90s presented better grain appearance and higher yield and mass of 100 grains, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and number of grains per pod. The black common bean lines presented a more erect plant architecture and a larger hypocotyl diameter compared to those of carioca grains. The number of pods per plant and grain aspect were the main contributors to genetic diversity. There is genetic variability between the lines of the two commercial groups, as well as between the lines coming from different research institutions and decades of recommendation. Black and "carioca" common bean lines have high genetic variability among them, with greater diversity among the common bean lines of the carioca group than those of black. The sum strategy of the genetic dissimilarity matrices was shown to be efficient in quantifying the multienvironmental diversity. The second study was based on eight morphoagronomic characters evaluated in seven environments, totaling 56 analyzed variables. The results obtained from the FAI index, which is based on the analysis of factors, identified the 10 lines of greatest potential for grain yield, independent of commercial group: IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Tiziu, BRS Expedito, IAC Ybaté, Iapar 65, IPR Uirapurú, BRSMG Majestoso, IPR Andorinha, VC 15 e IPR Tuiuiú. The lines BRS Valente, IPR Graúna, IPR Uirapurú, BRS Supremo, BRS Esplendor, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tiziu, VP 22, IPR Gralha (black commercial group) and BRS Cometa ("carioca" commercial group) should be considered in crossing blocks when the aim is to improve plant architecture. The lines of the "carioca" commercial group: VC 15, IAC Alvorada, IPR 139, IAC Formoso, Pérola, IPR Tangará, BRS Estilo, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Formoso and IAC Imperador should be considered in crossing blocks when the objective is to improve aspects of grain. The performance of lines in favorable and unfavorable environments contributes to the choice of divergent parents and should be considered as the formation of crossing blocks.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de MInas Gerai

Genetic control of iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds

The objective of this work was to evaluate the main differences in the genetic control of the iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds, in early generations, and to select recombinants with a high iron concentration in the seeds. F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal, and backcross (BC11 and BC12) generations were produced by crosses between Mesoamerican (CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175) and Andean (Cal 96 x Hooter) inbred lines. The expression of significant maternal effect was observed for the Mesoamerican gene pool. Iron concentration was higher in the seed coat of Mesoamerican common bean seeds (54.61 to 67.92%) and in the embryo of Andean common bean seeds (69.40 to 73.44%). High broad-sense heritability was obtained for iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Gains with the selection of higher magnitude, from 20.39 to 24.58%, are expected in Mesoamerican common bean seeds. Iron concentration in common bean seeds showed a continuous distribution in F2, which is characteristic of quantitative inheritance in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Recombinants with high iron concentration in seeds can be selected in both Mesoamerican and Andean common bean hybrids

Genetic control of iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds

The objective of this work was to evaluate the main differences in the genetic control of the iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds, in early generations, and to select recombinants with a high iron concentration in the seeds. F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal, and backcross (BC11 and BC12) generations were produced by crosses between Mesoamerican (CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175) and Andean (Cal 96 x Hooter) inbred lines. The expression of significant maternal effect was observed for the Mesoamerican gene pool. Iron concentration was higher in the seed coat of Mesoamerican common bean seeds (54.61 to 67.92%) and in the embryo of Andean common bean seeds (69.40 to 73.44%). High broad-sense heritability was obtained for iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Gains with the selection of higher magnitude, from 20.39 to 24.58%, are expected in Mesoamerican common bean seeds. Iron concentration in common bean seeds showed a continuous distribution in F2, which is characteristic of quantitative inheritance in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Recombinants with high iron concentration in seeds can be selected in both Mesoamerican and Andean common bean hybrids

Selection of common bean lines with high agronomic performance and high calcium and iron concentrations

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of common bean lines for cycle, weight of 100 grains, grain yield, cooking time, and grain calcium and iron concentrations. Twenty-four common bean lines were evaluated in two crop cycles (2010 and 2011). The ¯Z index was used for the selection of superior lines for most of the traits. The DF 06-19, DF 06-03, DF 06-17, DF 06-20, DF 06-11, DF 06-14, DF 06-01, DF 06-08, DF 06-22, and DF 06-04 lines showed high grain yield. All lines were of semi-early cycle and of fast cooking. The DF 06-08 and DF 06-23 lines showed high calcium concentration in grains (>1.4 g kg-1 dry matter - DM), and the DF 06-09, DF 06-03, DF 06-04, and DF 06-06 lines presented high iron concentration in grains (>0.95 g kg-1 DM) in the two crop cycles. The DF 06-09 and DF 06-03 carioca lines present high agronomic performance and high iron concentration in grains. The DF 06-17 and DF 06-08 black lines present high agronomic performance and high calcium concentration in grains. The selection of the DF 06-09, DF 06-03, DF 06-17, and DF 06-08 lines is recommended

Methods of selecting common bean lines having high yield, early cycle and erect growth

Selection for grain yield, combined with phenological and morphological characteristics of agricultural interest, represents technological advances in the common bean. The objectives of this work were to estimate genetic parameters and the efficiency of both the Pedigree and Single-Seed Descent (SSD) methods for progression segregating populations in order to obtain common bean lines superior in grain yield, precocity and plant architecture. To do this, 136 inbred lines obtained using the Pedigree method, and 136 inbred lines obtained by SSD method were evaluated in a 17 x 17 simple lattice design, integrating the 272 inbred lines in the F7 generation and 17 cultivars as control. Estimates of moderate narrow sense heritability were obtained for grain yield, lodging and insertion of the first pod. The cycle and general adaptation note showed low heritability for the F7 generation. The Pedigree method allows obtaining a greater number of lines of high grain yield, early cycle and a lower general adaptation note (best adaptability). Selection using the Single-Seed Descent method allows the identification of a larger number of lines with lower notes for lodging and higher insertion of the first pod

<b>Growth, grain yield and calcium, potassium and magnesium accumulation in common bean plants as related to calcium nutrition

The objective of this work was to evaluate the plant growth and grain yield characteristics and the accumulation of calcium, potassium and magnesium in the leaves and grains of common bean cultivars grown with different calcium concentrations in the nutrient solution. Two experiments were conducted with nutrient solutions in a soilless system in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, five calcium concentrations (1.10, 1.65, 2.20, 2.75 and 3.30 mmol L-1) and three common bean cultivars (Iraí, BRS Expedito and Carioca) were evaluated. Higher calcium concentrations (2.20, 2.75, 3.30, 3.85, 4.40 and 4.95 mmol L-1)and two common bean cultivars (BRS Expedito and Carioca) were tested in the second experiment. Dry mass of the shoot and root, grain yield and calcium accumulation in the leaves and grains increased linearly in common bean plants supplied with calcium concentrations between 2.20 and 4.95 mmol L-1. The high calcium concentration did not reduce the accumulation of calcium, potassium and magnesium in the leaves and grains. Common bean plants grown with high calcium concentrations present higher dry mass of the shoot and root, high grain yield and high calcium concentration in the leaves and grains.

Seleção de cultivares crioulas de feijão com base no desempenho agronômico, cozimento e concentração de minerais

The potential use of common bean land cultivars with respect to their agronomic performance, cooking time and nutritional quality has scarcely been evaluated in breeding programs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate 19 common bean land cultivars for their agronomic traits, cooking time, and mineral concentration in grains to identify cultivars for potential use by a higher number of farmers or even breeding programs. Two field experiments were conducted in Alegrete and Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, in the 2012/2013 season. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replications. A total of 23 cultivars were evaluated; 19 land cultivars were obtained from smallholder farmers from RS, and there were four control cultivars (Carioca, Pérola, Valente, and Guapo Brilhante). The traits evaluated included the cycle, insertion of the first pod, grain yield, cooking time, and concentrations of calcium, iron, zinc, and copper in the grains. The data were subjected to joint variance analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and the Z index. The common bean cultivars showed differences in the cycle, insertion of the first pod, grain yield, cooking time, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper concentrations in grains, and the Z index. The cultivars Preto Miúdo and Cavalo Rajado had a high grain yield, i.e., greater than 2,900 kg ha-1. The land cultivars were classified as having early and intermediate cycles, and all had cooking times less than 30 min. Palha Roxa, Carioca Vermelho, and Perdiz had high concentrations of calcium, iron, zinc, and copper in the grains, an intermediate cycle, and low grain yield. Positive correlations of moderate magnitude were observed between the calcium and iron (r= 0.597), iron and zinc (r= 0.570), and zinc and copper (r= 0.548) concentrations. Indirect selection for high iron or zinc concentrations in grains will be effective for obtaining common bean cultivars with a higher nutritional quality. A cross between Carioca Santa Maria and Guapo Brilhante cultivar is recommended to obtain segregants with high agronomic performance, fast cooking, and high minerals concentration of in the grains.O potencial de uso das cultivares crioulas de feijão quanto ao desempenho agronômico e a qualidade de cozimento e nutricional foi pouco avaliado pelos programas de melhoramento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar 19 cultivares crioulas de feijão quanto aos caracteres agronômicos, tempo de cozimento e concentração de minerais nos grãos, de forma a identificar cultivares com potencial de uso por mais agricultores e mesmo em programas de melhoramento. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos em Alegrete e em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, no ano agrícola 2012/2013. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, e 23 cultivares foram avaliadas, 19 cultivares crioulas obtidas com agricultores familiares do RS e quatro testemunhas (Carioca, Pérola, Valente e Guapo Brilhante). Os caracteres avaliados foram ciclo, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, produtividade de grãos, tempo de cozimento e concentração de cálcio, ferro, zinco e cobre nos grãos. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância conjunta, a análise de correlação de Pearson e ao índice Z . As cultivares de feijão apresentaram diferenças para ciclo, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, produtividade de grãos, tempo de cozimento, concentração de cálcio, ferro, zinco e cobre nos grãos e índice Z . As cultivares Preto Miúdo e Cavalo Rajado apresentaram alta produtividade de grãos, superior a 2.900 kg ha-1. As cultivares crioulas foram classificadas em ciclo precoce e intermediário, e todas foram de cozimento inferior a 30 minutos. Palha Roxa, Carioca Vermelho e Perdiz apresentaram alta concentração de cálcio, ferro, zinco e cobre nos grãos, ciclo intermediário e baixa produtividade de grãos. Estimativas de correlação positiva e de moderada magnitude foram observadas entre a concentração de cálcio e ferro (r= 0,597), ferro e zinco (r= 0,570) e zinco e cobre (r= 0,548). A seleção indireta para alta concentração de ferro ou de zinco nos grãos será eficiente para a obtenção de cultivares de feijão de maior qualidade nutricional. O cruzamento entre as cultivares Carioca Santa Maria e Guapo Brilhante é recomendado para a obtenção de segregantes com alto desempenho agronômico, cozimento rápido e alta concentração de minerais nos grãos