TRANSACTION COSTS AND FISHERIES CO-MANAGEMENT

Fisheries co-management as an alternative to centralized command and control fisheries management is often suggested as a solution to the problems of fisheries resource use conflicts and overexploitation. This paper highlights some elements of the transaction costs under a fisheries co-management system. The transaction costs can be categorized into three major cost items: (i) information costs, (ii) collective fisheries decision-making costs, and (iii) collective operational costs. An approach to measuring transaction costs of fisheries co-management systems both in static and dynamic processes is also proposed. There is a need to empirically evaluate the nature of the transaction costs involved in fisheries co-management institutions as a basis for evaluating the efficiency or net benefits of co-managed fisheries compared to centrally managed fisheries.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Fishery Co-management: A Practical Handbook

For many years, Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) has maintained an active portfolio of projects examining co-management and community-based management in fisheries and other resource systems. Since the publication of Managing Small-scale Fisheries (Berkes et al., 2001), there has been an increasing demand for guidance on what IDRC has learned about co-management, particularly across different geographical settings, socio-economic conditions, and histories of operation; and how it could apply to other types of fishing, link to other livelihoods, relate to other dynamic processes (such as the migration of fishermen), and respond to the seasonal nature of fish resources. This book attempts to respond to this demand by compiling recent experience from as wide a cross section of research as possible. During the development of this book, both IDRC and the authors wrestled with the concept of co-management. Given the evolving nature of this science, for example, what does co-management cover and how widely is the concept accepted? Importantly, there has been increasing acceptance of the idea that co-management is not an end point but rather a process -- a process of adaptive learning. Recognizing the diversity of both local contexts (ecological and social) and factors depleting the fishery (such as overfishing and habitat destruction), however, would it even be possible to put together a book of lessons learned? As you will soon discover, IDRC and the authors felt that it was neither possible nor desirable to produce a blueprint for fishery co-management. Rather, we agreed that it would be more useful to document the co-management process, as undertaken by both IDRC partners and others, and to put this experience into a form that could be shared with anyone interested in learning more about co-management and what others have learned. This shared and adaptive approach to learning is what this book is all about. In the pages that follow, you will find a complete picture of the co-management process: strengths, weaknesses, methods, activities, checklists and so on

Marine Spatial Planning in Asia and the Caribbean: Application and Implications for Fisheries and Marine Resource Management

O Planejamento Espacial Marinho (MSP) surgiu como uma abordagem fortemente promovida para implementar a gestão integrada das áreas costeiras e marinhas. Está relacionada à gestão baseada no ecossistema (EBM), à abordagem ecossistêmica para as pescarias (EAF), aos sistemas geográficos de informação (GIS), às áreas marinhas protegidas (MPAs), entre outros. Embora o MSP recebeu atenção em nível global, seu uso parece ser menos proeminente nos Estados-ilha em desenvolvimento (SIDS) e outros países em desenvolvimento, com relação aos países desenvolvidos. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir as implicações e as aplicações práticas do MSP enquanto um paradigma para a gestão dos recursos marinhos na Ásia e no Caribe. De que forma o MSP se ajusta à gama de paradigmas de gestão existentes? Onde e como ele pode ser melhor utilizado para a gestão integrada dos recursos? Quais são os desafios para a sua implementação? São apresentados e discutidos alguns exemplos de uso do MSP e do zoneamento marinho.Marine spatial planning (MSP) has emerged as a highly promoted approach to implementing integrated management of coastal and ocean areas. It is linked to ecosystem-based management (EBM), the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF), geographic information systems (GIS), marine protected areas (MPAs) and more. Although MSP has gained global attention, its use appears to be less prominent in small island developing states (SIDS) and other developing countries than in developed countries. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the implications and practical application of MSP as an ocean resource management paradigm in Asia and the Caribbean. Where will MSP fit in the range of management paradigms? Where and how can it be best utilized for integrated resource management? What are challenges for implementation? Examples of use of MSP and marine zoning are presented and discussed

Transaction costs and fisheries co-management

Fisheries co-management as an alternative to centralized command and control fisheries management is often suggested as a solution to the problems of fisheries resource use conflicts and overexploitation. This paper highlights some elements of the transaction costs under a fisheries co-management system. The transaction costs can be categorized into three major cost items: (i) information costs, (ii) collective fisheries decision-making costs, and (iii) collective operational costs. An approach to measuring transaction costs of fisheries co-management systems both in static and dynamic processes is also proposed. There is a need to empirically evaluate the nature of the transaction costs involved in fisheries co-management institutions as a basis for evaluating the efficiency or net benefits of co-managed fisheries compared to centrally managed fisheries

A Review and Evaluation of Community-based Coastal Resource Management Programs and Projects in the Philippines, 1984-1994

There is a growing realization in Southeast Asian of the need for increased participation by resource users in fisheries management and greater localized control over access to the resource. Community-based resource management has re-emerged as a way to involve resource users and to utilize indigenous institutional arrangements and knowledge in coastal fisheries management. In virtually all users, however, the future of community-based resource management seems to lie in a form of co-management , a sharing of responsibility and authority for resource management users of community. The Philippines is a world leader in community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) between 1984-1994, 43 CBCRM programs and projects with over 105 project units or sites were implemented throughout the 12 regions of the Philippines. This paper will present the results of a review and evaluation of CBCRM programs and projects in the Philippines. Major interventions, Institutions and processes of CBCRM are discussed and general lessons learned are identified

A review and evaluation of community-based coastal resource management programs and projects in the Philippines, 1984-1994

There is a growing realization in Southeast Asian of the need for increased participation by resource users in fisheries management and greater localized control over access to the resource. Community-based resource management has re-emerged as a way to involve resource users and to utilize indigenous institutional arrangements and knowledge in coastal fisheries management. In virtually all users, however, the future of community-based resource management seems to lie in a form of co-management, a sharing of responsibility and authority for resource management users of community. The Philippines is a world leader in community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM) between 1984-1994, 43 CBCRM programs and projects with over 105 project units or sites were implemented throughout the 12 regions of the Philippines. This paper will present the results of a review and evaluation of CBCRM programs and projects in the Philippines. Major interventions, Institutions and processes of CBCRM are discussed and general lessons learned are identified

A Board Level Intervention to Develop Organisation-Wide Quality Improvement Strategies: Cost-Consequences Analysis in 15 Healthcare Organisations

BACKGROUND: Hospital boards have statutory responsibility for upholding the quality of care in their organisations. International research on quality in hospitals resulted in a research-based guide to help senior hospital leaders develop and implement quality improvement (QI) strategies, the QUASER Guide. Previous research has established a link between board practices and quality of care; however, to our knowledge, no board-level intervention has been evaluated in relation to its costs and consequences. The aim of this research was to evaluate these impacts when the QUASER Guide was implemented in an organisational development intervention (iQUASER). METHODS: We conducted a 'before and after' cost-consequences analysis (CCA), as part of a mixed methods evaluation. The analysis combined qualitative data collected from 66 interviews, 60 hours of board meeting observations and documents from 15 healthcare organisations, of which 6 took part on iQUASER, and included direct and opportunity costs associated with the intervention. The consequences focused on the development of an organisation-wide QI strategy, progress on addressing 8 dimensions of QI (the QUASER challenges), how organisations compared to benchmarks, engagement with the intervention and progress in the implementation of a QI project. RESULTS: We found that participating organisations made greater progress in developing an organisation-wide QI strategy and became more similar to the high-performing benchmark than the comparators. However, progress in addressing all 8 QUASER challenges was only observed in one organisation. Stronger engagement with the intervention was associated with the implementation of a QI project. On average, iQUASER costed £23 496 per participating organisation, of which approximately 44% were staff time costs. Organisations that engaged less with the intervention had lower than average costs (£21 267 per organisation), but also failed to implement an organisation-wide QI project. CONCLUSION: We found a positive association between level of engagement with the intervention, development of an organisation-wide QI strategy and the implementation of an organisation-wide QI project. Support from the board, particularly the chair and chief executive, for participation in the intervention, is important for organisations to accrue most benefit. A board-level intervention for QI, such as iQUASER, is relatively inexpensive as a proportion of an organisation's budget

Distribution of Terrestrially Derived Dissolved Organic Matter on the Southeastern United States Continental Shelf

Dissolved lignin-derived compounds in seawater indicate the presence of organic matter originating from vascular plants and therefore from terrestrial (upland and coastal marsh) ecosystems. We used a hydrophobic resin to concentrate lignin-rich humic substances and to determine concentrations of lignin oxidation products (vanillyl lignin phenols) for waters of the continental shelf of the southeastern U.S. Lignin phenol concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 4.2µg liter‒1 and accounted for 0.002–0.13% of the total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool in continental shelf waters. Dissolved lignin concentrations were generally highest near the shore and in those areas receiving greatest river and marsh discharge. Concentrations varied on both short-term (weekly) and seasonal time scales, however, indicating that the contribution of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter to the C budget of the shelf is quite variable. Salinity (\u3e 31‰) was significantly correlated (negatively) with lignin phenol concentrations during three of four cruises, suggesting largely conservative mixing of lignin-derived material on the shelf In selected rivers and salt marshes contributing terrestrially derived organic matter to the continental shelf, lignin phenol C accounted for 0.14–1.0% of the DOC. A simple mixing model which assumes no biological or physical sinks of lignin-derived material during transport from terrestrial sources to the shelf predicts that an average of 6–36% of nearshore DOC derives from terrestrial ecosystems, depending on whether the terrestrial end-member (lignin source) is assumed to be a river or a salt marsh, while 5–26% of inner shelf DOC and 3–18% of mid- to outer-shelf DOC is of terrestrial origin