Pythium aphanidermatum pathogenicity to hydroponics lettuce and its biocontrol with Trichoderma

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade de Pythium aphanidermatum a variedades de alface, e a ação do produto Biotrich, formulado com Trichoderma, no controle deste patógeno e na promoção do crescimento das plantas. Em experimento in vitro, plântulas recém-germinadas das variedades de alface Vera e Elisa foram colocadas em placas de Petri com ágar-água e 1 mL de suspensão do produto Biotrich (0,2 mL L-1) e, após 24 horas, em discos com micélio do isolado de Pythium. As avaliações foram realizadas após dez dias de incubação a 20 e 31ºC. Ostestes in vivo foram realizados na primavera e verão, em sistema hidropônico “Nutrient Film Technique” (NFT), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, como segue: duas variedades; presença ou ausência do patógeno; e presença ou ausência de Biotrich. Ao final do cultivo, foram avaliadas as massas de matéria fresca e seca das plantas. No experimento in vitro, P. aphanidermatum apresentou maior agressividade a 31ºC. Contudo, não foi verificada patogenicidade nos testes in vivo. De modo geral, o Biotrich não promoveu o crescimento das plantas, mas foi efetivo no controle do patógeno in vitro. Pythium aphanidermatum é patogênico às variedades de alface Vera e Elisa, a 20 e 31ºC, e o Biotrich é efetivo para o controle desse patógeno nessas temperaturas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the pathogenicity of Pythium aphanidermatum to lettuce varieties, and the action of the product Biotrich, formulated with Trichoderma, in the control of this pathogen and its effect on plant growth promotion. In a in vitro experiment, germinated seedlings of Vera and Elisa lettuce varieties were placed in Petri dishes with water-agar and 1mL Biotrich suspension (0.2 mL L-1), and after 24 hours, on plugs with the Pythium isolate mycelium. The evaluations were done ten days after the incubation at 20 and 31ºC. In vivo experiments were carried out during the spring and summer, using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system, in a completely randomized design, following a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement, as well: two varieties; pathogen abscence or presence; and with or without Biotrich addition. At the end of cultivation, the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots were analyzed. In vitro, P. aphanidermatum had increased aggressiveness at 31ºC. However, no pathogenicity was observed in vivo. Generally, Biotrich did not promote plant growth; however, it was effective in controlling the pathogen in vitro. Pythium aphanidermatum is pathogenic to lettuce varieties Vera and Elisa, at 20 and 31°C, and Biotrich is effective for its control at these temperatures

Diversity, role in decomposition, and succession of zoosporic fungi and straminipiles on submerged decaying leaves in a woodland stream

Leaf litter is a very important primary source of energy in woodland streams. Decomposition of leaf litter is a process mediated by many groups of microorganisms which release extracellular enzymes for the degradation of complex macromolecules. In this process, true fungi and straminipiles are considered to be among the most active groups, more active than the bacteria, at least during the early stages of the process. Colonization increases the quality of the leaves as a food resource for detritivores. In this way, matter and energy enter detritus-based food chains. Previously, aquatic hyphomycetes were considered to be the major fungal group responsible for leaf litter decomposition. Although zoosporic fungi and straminipiles are known to colonize and decompose plant tissues in various environments, there is scant information on their roles in leaf decomposition. This study focuses on the communities of zoosporic fungi and straminipiles in a stream which are involved in the decomposition of leaves of two plant species, Ligustrum lucidum and Pouteria salicifolia, in the presence of other groups of fungi. A characteristic community dominated by Nowakowskiella elegans, Phytophthora sp., and Pythium sp. was found. Changes in the fungal community structure over time (succession) was observed: terrestrial mitosporic fungi appeared during the early stages, zoosporic fungi, straminipiles, and aquatic Hyphomycetes in early-to-intermediate stages, while representatives of the phylum Zygomycota were found at early and latest stages of the decomposition. These observations highlight the importance of zoosporic fungi and straminipiles in aquatic ecosystems.Instituto de Botánica "Dr. Carlos Spegazzini"Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientale

Fungal systematics and evolution : FUSE 7

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Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of three <I>Phytopythium</I> species (Peronosporales, Oomycota) from Brazil

We analyzed the morphology and phylogenetic placement of six isolates of Phytopythium belonging to P. helicoides, P. palingenes and P. vexans that were isolated from water bodies and substrates used for hydroponically grown crops. The molecular data are from the partial large subunit and the complete internal transcribed regions of the ribosomal DNA. These three species are characterized by the presence of ovoid to globose zoosporangia with papillae, internal proliferation as in Phytophthora and mode of zoospore discharge as in Pythium. All isolates showed high morphological and phylogenetic similarity with members of the Clades II and III of Phytopythium. In this paper, Phytopythium palingenes is included for the first time in phylogenetic analyses and our ITS and LSU phylogenies indicated that Aquaperonospora taiwanensis is a synonym of Phytopythium helicoides.</p

Oomycota (Straminipila) da Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba, Santo André, SP, Brasil

Durante o período de novembro/2003 a novembro/2004, coletas trimestrais de amostras de água e solo foram realizadas na Reserva Biológica de Paranapiacaba, importante fragmento de Mata Atlântica localizado no estado de São Paulo, para estudo da diversidade de oomicetos. Para o isolamento destes organismos, as amostras foram tratadas pelo método de iscagem, que resultou na identificação de 35 espécies, das quais uma pertence a Leptomitales, quatro a Peronosporales, duas a Rhipidiales, e 28 a Saprolegniales, sendo descritas, comentadas e ilustradas neste trabalho as de ocorrência relatada no Brasil, das quais três são citadas pela primeira vez para o estado de São Paulo, Leptolegnia eccentrica Coker &amp; Matthews, Pythiopsis humphreyana Coker e Pythiopsis irregularis Seymour, e 20 para a Reserva