Everyday forms of resistance on United Fruit Company plantations in Limón, Costa Rica, before 1950

In der Historiographie Costa Ricas wird der afrokaribischen Bevölkerung, größtenteils handelt es sich hierbei um Nachfahren von Westafrikanischen Sklaven, die aus Jamaika und einigen anderen karibischen Inseln an die Karibikküste Costa Ricas auswanderten, kaum Platz eingeräumt. Die United Fruit Company, die in engem Zusammenhang mit dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe steht, wird jedoch als eine der einflussreichsten Akteurinnen in der neueren Geschichte Zentralamerikas angesehen. Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit der Beziehung der scheinbar machtlosen Masse and Einwanderern und jenem Unternehmen, dem unbegrenzte Macht zugeschrieben wird, auseinander. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf den everyday forms of resistance, den alltäglichen Formen des Widerstandes seitens der afrokaribischen Bevölkerung, die in verschiedener Weise unter der Herrschaft der UFCo lebten und von ihr abhängig waren. Everyday resistance beschreibt jene Art des Widerstandes, welcher täglich, individuell, ohne aufwändige Planung und anonym ausgeführt werden kann. Die verschiedenen Arten und Weisen, auf die Widerstand ausgedrückt wurde, werden in drei Kategorien geteilt: Die Überlieferung von Sagen, Märchen und Liedern, geringfügiger Widerstand wie Diebstahl oder Betrügerei sowie die Schaffung von sozialen Bereichen des Widerstandes und der Selbstbestimmung. Diese relativ breite Definition des Begriffes „Widerstand“ sowie die Analyse von Quellen sowie Zeitungen, Romanen, Biographien und Briefen, ermöglichen einen differenzierten Blick auf den Alltag der afrokaribischen Einwanderer. Das Bild des unterwürfigen und passiven Plantagenarbeiters gerät ins Wanken, und viele sehr verschiedenartige Ausdrücke des Widerstandes gegen Ausbeutung und Unterdrückung können sichtbar gemacht werden. Legenden und Märchen bildeten die Grundlage für kritische Gedanken, Diebstahl Betrügerei und der geheime Gemüseanbau untergruben die Autorität der UFCo. Außerdem gelang es den Einwanderern, in gewissen Bereichen einen hohen Grad an Selbstbestimmung und Unabhängigkeit zu erlangen, so zum Beispiel in der Medizin. Trotz ihrer untergeordneten Position spielten die afrokaribischen Einwanderer eine entscheidende Rolle in der Ausbreitung der Bananenwirtschaft und konnten immer wieder die Grenzen der Macht und Unterdrückung deutlich machen.The Afro-Caribbean workers of Limón, mostly descendants of Anglophone blacks, have not been awarded much space in Costa Rican historiography. Their employer, the US multinational United Fruit Company, however, is considered one of the most powerful actors on the Costa Rican as well as Central American Caribbean areas. This study is an examination of the relationship between the seemingly powerless group of immigrant workers and the multinational company. The main objective is to analyze the various forms of everyday resistance performed by the Afro-Caribbean population that lived under domination of the company. Everyday forms of resistance are routinely performed, and mainly individualistic expressions of noncompliance that do not require a high degree of organization and can be performed anonymously. Three main categories of resistance practices have been established: the telling and re-telling of folktales, petty forms of resistance such as theft and robbery and the creation of social realms of resistance. This somewhat wide definition of resistance, allows drawing a fairly differentiated picture of the Afro-Caribbeans’ role in the banana business. Working with sources such as Limonese newspapers, novels, biographies and letters written by company as well as railway officials, allows gaining insight in the daily lives and routines of the Afro-Caribbeans of Limón. The image of the docile and obedient workers, loyal to their company, falters, and the conclusion can be drawn, that immigrant workers can look back at a history of dissidence and disobedience. This noncompliance with the dominant system was expressed in songs and stories, in various forms of petty resistance such as theft, trickery and the clandestine cultivation of subsistence crops. Further, the Afro-Caribbeans managed to secure certain social realms of high self-determination, most clearly evident in their refusal to accept company prescribed medicine and their trust in healers inherent to their community and beliefs. In spite of their subordinate position, the immigrant workers played a crucial role in the starting and later expansion of the banana business and proved, that there were certain limits to power and exploitation

Kinder-DIPS:

Mit dem Kinder-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter liegt das etablierte diagnostische Interview in seiner dritten Auflage vor und steht nun für Praxis und Forschung frei zur Verfügung. Mithilfe des Kinder-DIPS Open Access können Diagnosen psychischer Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters nach DSM-5 und ICD-10 zuverlässig gestellt werden. Zudem können wichtige Informationen für die Planung und Durchführung psychotherapeutischer Interventionen strukturiert ermittelt werden.Die Interviewleitfäden (Eltern- und Kindversion) des Kinder-DIPS Open Access leiten Interviewerinnen und Interviewer durch die diagnostischen Gespräche mit Eltern und Kind. Im Anschluss an die Interviews bietet das Kinder-DIPS Open Access die Möglichkeit einer umfassenden Dokumentation der allgemeinen Anamnese sowie der sozialen Beurteilung. Die ebenfalls enthaltenen Protokollbögen erlauben schließlich die übersichtliche Dokumentation der erhobenen Symptomatik sowie eine detaillierte Zuordnung zu DSM-5-Kriterien. Schlagworte: Strukturiertes, klinisches Interview; Kinder-DIPS; Diagnostik; Psychische Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters; DSM-5; ICD-10 Bitte zitieren Sie für das Verfahren die beiden folgenden Angaben: Margraf, Cwik, Pflug &Schneider (2017). Structured clinical interviews for mental disorders across the lifespan: Psychometric quality and further developments of the DIPS Open Access interviews. [Strukturierte klinische Interviews zur Erfassung psychischer Störungen über die Lebensspanne: Gütekriterien und Weiterentwicklungen der DIPS-Verfahren.] Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 46(3). Schneider, S., Pflug, V., In-Albon, T. & Margraf, J. (2017). Kinder-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Bochum: Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum für psychische Gesundheit, Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Doi: 10.13154/rub.101.90 Kinder-DIPS Open Access: Diagnostisches Interview bei psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter von Schneider, S., Pflug, V., In-Albon, T., & Margraf, J. ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International Lizenz. Tina In-Albon und Laura Kraus haben an Universität Koblenz-Landau ein Zusatzmodul zum Kinder-DIPS entwickelt. Diese Fragen erfassen Nichtsuizidale Selbstverletzungen (NSSV; DSM 5, Sektion 3: Klinische Erscheinungsbilder mit weiterem Forschungsbedarf). Das Modul liegt ausschließlich in der Kinderversion vor. Das Zusatzmodul zum Kinder-DIPS ist ebenfalls lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International Lizenz

Challenges in measuring avoidance behavior in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders

In dieser Dissertation wird das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Angststörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter und Vermeidungsverhalten mit kindgerechten Methoden auf verschiedenen Ebenen erforscht: im Kontext von Schule, im Blickverhalten, sowie in neuen und ungewohnten Situationen. Neben einem Überblicksartikel (Publikation 1) zum aktuellen Forschungsstand bei Angststörungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter, fließen drei weitere empirische Studien mit in diese Dissertation ein. Zum einen wurde mit einer Online-Befragung Schulabsentismus in Deutschland näher erforscht (Publikation 2), zum anderen das Blickverhalten von Kindern mit Angststörungen mit Hilfe der Eyetracking-Methode untersucht (Publikation 3), sowie Angst und Vermeidungstendenzen in neuen Situationen bei Kinder mit Angststörungen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen erfasst (Publikation 4). Abschließend wurden die Ergebnisse der Studien in den breiteren Forschungskontext diskutiert und Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis abgeleitet

Do Metacognitions of Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders Change after Intensified Exposure Therapy?

Metacognitive beliefs have repeatedly proven to play a role in anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, but few studies have investigated whether they change after cognitive behavioral therapy. This longitudinal intervention study explores whether positive and negative metacognitive beliefs in particular change after exposure-focused treatment, and if metacognitive changes predict reductions in anxiety symptoms. A sample of 27 children between 8 and 16 years of age with a primary diagnosis of specific phobia, separation-anxiety disorder or social phobia completed assessments of anxiety symptoms, metacognitive beliefs, worry and repetitive negative thoughts before and after 11 sessions of intensified exposure treatment. Metacognitive beliefs did not change significantly after intensified exposure, but post-hoc power analysis revealed a lack of power here. Change in negative metacognitive beliefs correlated with a change in anxiety symptoms, but did not independently contribute as a predictor variable. Differences between subsamples showed that patients with separation-anxiety disorder scored higher on negative metacognitive beliefs than those with specific or social phobia. Consideration of metacognition, and negative metacognitive beliefs in particular could help us further improve the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents and should therefore receive more attention in psychotherapy research

Bochum Assessment of Avoidance-based Emotion Regulation for Children (BAER-C): Development and evaluation of a new instrument measuring anticipatory avoidance-based emotion regulation in anxiety eliciting situations.

Avoidance-based emotion regulation plays a central role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders across the life span. However, measures for children that account for different avoidance strategies, are scarce. Derived from Gross' Process Model of Emotion Regulation, the Bochum Assessment of Avoidance-based Emotion Regulation for Children (BAER-C) was developed to assess avoidance strategies (cognitive avoidance, behavioural avoidance, verbal reassurance, and social reassurance) and reappraisal in anticipatory anxious situations. In the present study, the BAER-C was administered to 129 school children aged 8 to 14 and 199 children with anxiety disorders aged 8 to 16 and their parents, along with established measures on anxiety, psychopathology, and emotion regulation. Factor structure, internal consistency, convergent, divergent and construct validity were analysed. Results of the anxious sample showed a satisfactory internal consistency (McDonald's ω = .94) for all scales as well as positive correlations with anxiety symptoms (all rs > .17, all ps < .05). Factor analysis supported a five-factor model. This model was confirmed in the student sample. Children with an anxiety disorder scored higher on behavioural avoidance, verbal reassurance, and social reassurance than school children (F (5,304) = 12.63, p = .003, ηp2 = .17). Results for construct validity were ambiguous. Our analyses suggest that the BAER-C is a promising theory-based new instrument to reliably assess different avoidance strategies in children. More research is needed to further analyse construct validity with other emotion regulation questionnaires

Loving-kindness meditation promotes mental health in university students

$\bf Objectives:$ Loving-kindness meditation (LKM) has been shown to improve wellbeing and positive emotions in clinical and non-clinical populations. The main goal of the present study was to examine whether LKM might be an effective intervention to promote positive mental health using the Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH) and to decrease depression, anxiety, and stress in university students. $\bf Methods:$ The sample ($\it n$ = 110) consisted of university students in Germany. One half of them ($\it n$ = 55) underwent LKM intervention. They were compared with a matched control group ($\it n$ = 55) which did not receive treatment. All participants completed positive and negative mental health measures at baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments. LKM participants additionally completed the same measures before and after treatment. Multiple analyses of variance were conducted to test for short- and long-term effects of LKM on positive and negative mental health measures. $\bf Results:$ A significant short-term effect of LKM on anxiety and PMH was found. Long-term analyses revealed a significant decrease of depression, anxiety, and stress for LKM completers, and a significant increase of depression, anxiety, and stress for the control group. $\bf Conclusions:$ The results suggest that LKM enhances mental health in university students

Identifying characteristics of non-completers in fear conditioning paradigms with children and adolescents

The number of studies on fear conditioning in children and adolescents has increased in recent years. Most of these studies exclusively focus on data of completers while dropout rates, reasons for dropout, and specific characteristics of non-completers are underreported. This study systematically investigated data of 283 children and adolescents between 8 and 17 years (M = 11.10, SD = 2.14) undergoing a differential fear conditioning paradigm using a female scream as unconditioned stimulus (US). The sample included 230 children and adolescents with a current primary anxiety disorder (separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia) and 53 non-anxious controls. The dropout rate was 24.1%. The most common reason to discontinue was being afraid of the US (59.1%) followed by the startle probe being too loud (15.2%). Logistic regressions revealed that younger age and a present anxiety disorder predicted dropout. There seem to be distinct characteristics potentially predicting dropout from fear conditioning paradigms. Thus, interpretability and generalizability of those paradigms are limited when non-completers are not considered. Future research should conscientiously look at these data more closely and investigate paradigms that work independent of age and diagnostic status

Personalized assessment of anxiety and avoidance in children and their parents

In treating childhood anxiety disorders, therapists use highly individualized anxiety hierarchies to assess anxiety-eliciting situations and to personalize treatment. In contrast, psychometric assessment of anxiety symptoms in children usually consists of standardized questionnaires, assessing either total anxiety or disorder-specific symptom scores, prioritizing comparability over individual information. To account for interindividual differences, the Anxiety and Avoidance Scale for Children (AVAC) was developed, following a precise, personalized, assessment approach. In responding to the questionnaire, children and parents identify the most anxiety-eliciting situations before starting treatment, and rate them for anxiety and avoidance. Ratings are repeated over the course of treatment. The aim of this study is to introduce the new questionnaire and present first data on psychometric properties. The AVAC was administered to 389 children with separation anxiety disorder ($\it N$ = 148), social anxiety disorder ($\it N$ = 110) or specific phobia ($\it N$ = 131) aged 8 to 16 and their parents, along with other measures of anxiety and psychopathology before and after cognitive behavioral treatment. Results showed adequate to good test-retest reliability. The AVAC items correlated significantly with established anxiety questionnaires, indicating convergent construct validity. Regarding divergent construct validity, the AVAC showed only small correlations with externalizing symptoms, demonstrating its precision in measuring anxiety and avoidance. The questionnaire was also sensitive to change after treatment, with medium to large effects in the reduction of anxiety and avoidance. The present analyses suggest that the new personalized assessment approach with the AVAC is a reliable and valid assessment of individualized anxiety and avoidance, as well as change in those constructs over the course of CBT treatment

Bochum Assessment of Avoidance-based Emotion Regulation for Children (BAER-C)

Avoidance-based emotion regulation plays a central role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders across the life span. However, measures for children that account for different avoidance strategies, are scarce. Derived from Gross' Process Model of Emotion Regulation, the Bochum Assessment of Avoidance-based Emotion Regulation for Children (BAER-C) was developed to assess avoidance strategies (cognitive avoidance, behavioural avoidance, verbal reassurance, and social reassurance) and reappraisal in anticipatory anxious situations. In the present study, the BAER-C was administered to 129 school children aged 8 to 14 and 199 children with anxiety disorders aged 8 to 16 and their parents, along with established measures on anxiety, psychopathology, and emotion regulation. Factor structure, internal consistency, convergent, divergent and construct validity were analysed. Results of the anxious sample showed a satisfactory internal consistency (McDonald's $\omega$ = .94) for all scales as well as positive correlations with anxiety symptoms (all $\it rs$ > .17, all $\it ps$ < .05). Factor analysis supported a five-factor model. This model was confirmed in the student sample. Children with an anxiety disorder scored higher on behavioural avoidance, verbal reassurance, and social reassurance than school children ($\it F$ (5,304) = 12.63, $\it p$ = .003, $\eta$$_{p}^{2}$ = .17). Results for construct validity were ambiguous. Our analyses suggest that the BAER-C is a promising theory-based new instrument to reliably assess different avoidance strategies in children. More research is needed to further analyse construct validity with other emotion regulation questionnaires