6 research outputs found

    Architecture des aquifùres rocheux et niveaux de circulation d’eau dans l’observatoire de la zone critique du Strengbach (France)

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    International audienceWe present an integrated petrological, petrophysical, and hydrogeological study of the critical zone (CZ) developed in the Hercynian granitic basement of the Strengbach watershed (Vosges Massif, France) to characterize its deep architecture and water circulation levels. For this purpose, six boreholes (50–120 m depth), from which three are cored, and three piezometers (10–15 m depth) were drilled to define the vertical extension and lateral variability of the main CZ horizons.The Strengbach watershed is composed of a topsoil horizon of limited vertical extension (0.8–1.2 m), a mobile saprolite level, and an in-place fractured bedrock. The latter is subdivided into a few meters thick saprock horizon, defined by open sub-horizontal fractures and a deeper fractured bedrock horizon with steeply dipping fractures (50°). In the north-facing slope, the vertical extension of the mobile saprolite horizon increases from 1–2 m at the top of the slope to 9 m downstream, close to the valley bottom. In contrast, the south-facing and more easterly slope shows a mobile saprolite horizon with limited vertical extension (2–3 m thick). Such a difference is associated with the existence of a knickpoint in the river bed, separating a downstream zone marked by currently active erosion from an upstream one, less prone to erosion, with preserved reliefs formed around 20 ka ago.The water circulation scheme within the Strengbach watershed involves two different systems: a subsurface circulation within the shallow aquifer, corresponding to the mobile saprolite horizon and the saprock, and a deeper circulation in the fractured bedrock. The water circulation in the fractured bedrock is controlled by fractures of regional orientations, linked to the Vosges massif and the Rhine Graben Tertiary tectonics, and partly to reactivated Hercynian fracture zones. The unaltered bedrock was not reached by any of the three cores. These results from the Strengbach CZ demonstrate the importance of integrating geological history of the watershed, either the long-term geological bedrock evolution or the Quaternary erosion patterns, to better understand and model the CZ hydrological functioning at the watershed scale.Nous prĂ©sentons ici une Ă©tude pĂ©trologique, pĂ©trophysique et hydrogĂ©ologique intĂ©grĂ©e de la zone critique (ZC) dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans le socle granitique hercynien du bassin versant du Strengbach (Massif des Vosges, France), afin de caractĂ©riser son architecture profonde et ses niveaux de circulation d’eau. Dans ce but, six forages (50–120 m de profondeur), dont trois carottĂ©s, et trois piĂ©zomĂštres (10–15 m de profondeur) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s, afin de dĂ©finir l’extension verticale et la variabilitĂ© latĂ©rale des principaux horizons de la ZC.Le bassin versant du Strengbach est composĂ© d’un horizon de sol d’extension verticale limitĂ©e (0,8–1,2 m), d’un niveau de saprolite mobile, et d’une roche mĂšre en place fracturĂ©e. Cette derniĂšre se subdivise en un horizon de « saprock » de quelques mĂštres d’épaisseur, dĂ©fini par des fractures ouvertes subhorizontales, et un horizon plus profond de roche mĂšre fracturĂ©e par des fractures Ă  fort pendage (50 °). Dans le versant orientĂ© au nord, l’extension verticale de l’horizon de saprolite mobile passe de 1–2 m au sommet du versant Ă  9 m en aval, au voisinage du vallon. En revanche, le versant orientĂ© au sud et plus Ă  l’est prĂ©sente un horizon de saprolite mobile d’extension verticale limitĂ©e (2–3 m d’épaisseur). Une telle diffĂ©rence est probablement liĂ©e Ă  l’existence d’un point d’inflexion dans le lit de la riviĂšre (« Knickpoint »), sĂ©parant une zone aval marquĂ©e par une Ă©rosion actuellement active d’une zone amont, moins sujette Ă  l’érosion, comprenant des reliefs prĂ©servĂ©s formĂ©s il y a environ 20 ka.Le schĂ©ma de circulation d’eau dans le bassin versant du Strengbach implique deux systĂšmes diffĂ©rents de circulation : une circulation dans l’aquifĂšre de surface, constituĂ© de l’horizon de saprolite mobile et du niveau de « saprock », et une circulation plus profonde dans la roche mĂšre fracturĂ©e. La circulation d’eau dans la roche mĂšre fracturĂ©e est contrĂŽlĂ©e par des fractures d’orientations rĂ©gionales, liĂ©es Ă  la tectonique tertiaire du massif des Vosges et du fossĂ© rhĂ©nan, ayant rĂ©activĂ© en partie au moins des fractures hercyniennes. Aucune des trois carottes n’a atteint le substrat rocheux non altĂ©rĂ©. Ces rĂ©sultats obtenus sur le bassin versant du Strengbach dĂ©montrent l’importance d’intĂ©grer l’histoire gĂ©ologique du bassin versant, qu’il s’agisse de l’évolution gĂ©ologique long-terme de son substratum ou des processus d’érosion Quaternaire qui l’ont affectĂ©, pour mieux comprendre et modĂ©liser le fonctionnement hydrologique de la ZC Ă  l’échelle du bassin versant

    Search for Rare Copy-Number Variants in Congenital Heart Defects Identifies Novel Candidate Genes and a Potential Role for FOXC1 in Patients With Coarctation of the Aorta

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    International audienceBACKGROUND: Congenital heart defects are the most frequent malformations among newborns and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Although genetic variation contributes to congenital heart defects, their precise molecular bases remain unknown in the majority of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed, by high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization, 316 children with sporadic, nonsyndromic congenital heart defects, including 76 coarctation of the aorta, 159 transposition of the great arteries, and 81 tetralogy of Fallot, as well as their unaffected parents. We identified by array comparative genomic hybridization, and validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, 71 rare de novo (n=8) or inherited (n=63) copy-number variants (CNVs; 50 duplications and 21 deletions) in patients. We identified 113 candidate genes for congenital heart defects within these CNVs, including BTRC, CHRNB3, CSRP2BP, ERBB2, ERMARD, GLIS3, PLN, PTPRJ, RLN3, and TCTE3. No de novo CNVs were identified in patients with transposition of the great arteries in contrast to coarctation of the aorta and tetralogy of Fallot (P=0.002; Fisher exact test). A search for transcription factor binding sites showed that 93% of the rare CNVs identified in patients with coarctation of the aorta contained at least 1 gene with FOXC1-binding sites. This significant enrichment (P\textless0.0001; permutation test) was not observed for the CNVs identified in patients with transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of Fallot. We hypothesize that these CNVs may alter the expression of genes regulated by FOXC1. Foxc1 belongs to the forkhead transcription factors family, which plays a critical role in cardiovascular development in mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that deregulation of FOXC1 or its downstream genes play a major role in the pathogenesis of coarctation of the aorta in humans
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