Judicial Resistance to New York\u27s 2020 Criminal Legal Reforms

This Article seeks to examine judicial opposition to New York’s 2020 criminal justice reforms in the context of existing scholarship on judicial organizational culture to understand why judicial obstruction occurs and how it can be addressed. New York’s 2020 criminal legal reforms sought to reduce pretrial detention and to provide greater access to discovery for the defense by curtailing judicial discretion to set bail and judicial power to excuse prosecutorial discovery delays. But judges opposed the law both surreptitiously and openly through defiant opinions, administrative adjustments, and routine court actions that undercut the reforms’ intended effects. Scholars such as Malcolm Feeley, Brian Ostrom, and Roger Hanson have written about how the informal organizational culture of a court system can be an impediment to reforms. Their analysis applies to New York’s 2020 reforms and provides insight into why this specific resistance occurred and how it can be addressed. The judiciary was included in planning and discussing the 2020 reforms and the reforms sought to remove judicial discretion in the matters of bail and discovery. Yet when it came time to implement the change, judges used other powers to avoid releasing individuals and to avoid sanctioning prosecutors. This is at least partially due to New York’s judicial appointment scheme which makes the judiciary sensitive to structural narratives concerning public safety and court leniency. Although these reforms were democratic and popular, judges were not sufficiently incentivized to properly implement the changes. If reforms are to succeed, the popular and political will to pass the reforms must extend beyond the passage of the law and must also create mechanisms to scrutinize, guide, and support the judiciary’s implementation of the law

Counseling Oppression

Critical scholars and public defenders alike have grappled with the contradictions at the heart of counseling clients in a carceral system. Systems of oppression operate within the public defender - client relationship because the defender’s role in translating the law also enforces its inequities. Counseling can obscure the workings of the system, providing an illusion of choice despite privileging certain forms of knowledge and tactics.But the counseling site is also where defenders become exposed to client’s lived experiences, encounter collectivist tactics, and critically examine the tension of their role in the system. Likewise, through counseling defenders can pull back the veil of the legal system and demystify it to allow clients and movements to address the system’s inner workings.This paper focuses on how counseling reinforces oppression, but also on what can happen when defenders and clients hold out this tension, examine it, and bring it into the counseling relationship. This more robust counseling already naturally occurs, and should be expanded in a principled and intentional manner. When defenders and clients embrace the contradictions at the heart of counsel and lay it bare, they can help transform the counseling site into a location where epistemes interact. Defenders and clients can collaborate, pool their knowledge, and trace back their constraints to the mechanisms that replicate systems of oppression. They can then go forth from the counseling site together, or separately, or with other partners entirely to forums where varied tactics can disrupt those underlying mechanisms

Demodex sp. (Trombidiformes: Demodicidae) in Lama guanicoe coprolites from CCP7 archaeological site (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)

El presente trabajo comunica el hallazgo de un ectoparásito en una muestra de coprolitos de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) hallados en el sitio arqueológico Cerro Casa de Piedra 7 (CCP7) ubicado en la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Se examinaron seis coprolitos del nivel III del sitio arqueológico CCP7 (3990±80 años antes del presente). Los mismos fueron rehidratados, se procesaron por sedimentación espontánea y el sedimento fue observado bajo microscopio óptico. Se registró un ácaro vermiforme identificado como Demodex sp. La detección de Demodex sp. en coprolitos sugiere manifestaciones patológicas del ácaro sobre su hospedador. Este es el primer registro de Demodex para guanacos y también en coprolitos a nivel global.In the present work, the finding of an ectoparasite in Lama guanicoe coprolites found in Cerro Casa de Piedra, cave 7 archaeological site CCP7 (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) was reported. Six coprolites collected of level III from CCP7 site (3,990±80 years before present) were rehydrated and submitted to spontaneous sedimentation for microscope analysis. A vermiform mite was identified as Demodex sp., and their presence in coprolites suggests pathological manifestations of the mite on its host. This is the first Demodex record in guanacos and also in coprolites at global level.Fil: Fugassa, Martín Horacio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Petrigh, Romina Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología. Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias; Argentin

Judicial Resistance to New York\u27s 2020 Criminal Legal Reforms

Scholars have examined judiciaries as organizations with their own culture and considered how this organizational culture can form a significant impediment to the implementation of reforms.22 There is a strong connection between judicial culture and a reform’s ability to accomplish its stated goals. Some go so far as to state that most reforms will fail because of the difficulty in altering judicial culture.23 These studies sometimes focus on legislators misunderstanding the actual effects of legislation when it was drafted, or on the failure to account for particularities in a law’s implementation by undervaluing the fragmentation, adversarial nature, and lack of resources of trial courts.24 Scholars have focused on overlooked consequences or unexpected effects that the drafters failed to properly account for.25 But as discussed by Malcolm Feeley, reforms also fail due to the judiciary’s intentional mis-implementation of the legislation. In such instances, reforms fail not because those who planned the reform or those who wrote the law did not account for certain unintended consequences, but because the judges who must give force to the reform do not agree with the intended consequences.26 This paper seeks to build on the scholarship of judicial organizational culture and examine a significant example of the phenomenon of judicial resistance in the context of New York’s 2020 criminal legal reforms. These reforms implicate the legislature’s curtailment of judicial discretion to accomplish the reform’s goals. This provides a unique opportunity to identify intentional judicial obstruction, and how and why it is carried out. Placing the judicial response within the scholarship would be illuminating in reexamining Feeley’s and others’ theses and in expanding the premises to current real-world reforms. This examination reveals how the New York judiciary’s organizational culture makes it particularly susceptible to narratives concerning public safety, which forms a significant motivation for judicial obstruction to reforms. Part I creates a framework to define whether these judicial interpretations are obstructionist and to provide some background on both the nature of obstruction and its possible causes. Part II examines specific examples of when judges circumvented the reforms and looks to New York’s judicial culture to see if it can account for how and why this obstruction occurred. Part III examines whether any larger lessons or solutions can be learned for future criminal legal reforms to anticipate such impediments and preemptively address them

Identification and characterization of Babesia bigemina antigens

Los protozoarios intraeritrocitarios Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina son los agentes causales de la babesiosis bovina, una enfermedad transmitida por la garrapata Rhipicephalus microplus que provoca importantes pérdidas económicas a la ganadería en áreas enzoóticas. En tal sentido resulta de gran relevancia la identificación de genes y la caracterización de proteínas para el desarrollo de pruebas diagnósticas de elevada sensibilidad y especificidad y el diseño racional de vacunas. En este trabajo, hemos desarrollado un método de detección molecular de B. bigemina, basado en la amplificación del gen rap-1a, útil para el estudio epidemiológico de la babesiosis bovina en áreas enzoóticas. La PCR en un solo paso, resultó altamente específica detectando 0,00002% de parasitemia. Por otra parte, para la identificación de nuevos antígenos de B. bigemina, se aplicaron dos estrategias: proteómica y herramientas de genómica comparativa. A través de la aproximación proteómica logramos extraer y separar en geles de dos dimensiones las proteínas solubles del estadio de merozoíto de B. bigemina que fueron reconocidas por sueros de bovinos infectados. A partir de las secuencias disponibles del proyecto genoma de B. bigemina y en base a la información proveniente de los genomas anotados de otros apicomplejos, pudimos identificar, anotar y caracterizar una familia de ocho genes que codifican para proteínas del tipo perforina (PLP) con el dominio de ataque a membrana MACPF en B. bigemina. Además se demostró que si bien todos los genes plp se transcriben en el estadio intraeritrocitario, particularmente los genes plpb y plpe presentan una tasa transcripcional significativamente mas alta indicando su importancia en este estadio. Asimismo, el reconocimiento de la proteína PLPA por los sueros bovinos infectados puede ser considerado como un indicio de la participación de esta proteína en la salida del parásito del eritrocito. Este trabajo de tesis contribuye al estudio de la babesiosis bovina a través del desarrollo de herramientas de diagnóstico y de la identificación de genes implicados en los mecanismos moleculares que median la interacción parásito-hospedador.The intraerythrocytic Protozoan, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, are causal agents of bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease trasmitted by Rhipicephalus microplus that cause important economic losses to livestock in areas where the disease is enzootic. In this regard is important the gene identification and protein characterization in order to develop highly sensitive and specific diagnostic methods and rational vaccines. In this work, we developed a molecular test, based on rap-1a gene amplification, for B. bigemina detection, a useful tool for epidemiological studies of babesiosis in enzootic areas. The one-step PCR assay was highly especific and sensitive detecting up to 0.00002% of parasitemia. Moreover, to identify relevant B. bigemina proteins to the development of methods of diagnosis and control of babesiosis, we applied two strategies: proteomic and comparative genomic tools. In the proteomic aproach we could purify and separate B. bigemina merozoites proteins using two dimensional gels and detecting immunodominant proteis using bovine sera. The bioinformatic tools applied to the available sequences of the B. bigemina genome project based on data from the annotated genomes of other apicomplexans, allowed us to identify, annotate and characterize a perforin-like proteins family (PLP) in B. bigemina containing a membrane-attack complex domain (MACPF). Transcriptional studies showed that while all plp genes are transcribed in the intraerythrocytic stage, particularly plpe and plpb genes have a significantly higher transcriptional rate, which may suggest its possible role in intraerythrocytic stage. Furthermore, PLPA recognition of bovine sera from animals infected can also be considered as an indication of the involvement of this protein in the exit of the parasite erythrocyte. This thesis work, contributes to the study of bovine babesiosis through the development of diagnostic tools and the identification of genes involved in the molecular mechanisms that mediate the parasite-host cell interaction.Fil: Petrigh, Romina Sandra. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Información molecular obtenida a partir de pieles de la colección del Museo Regional Fagnano, Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego

En el presente trabajo se aplicaron técnicas moleculares sobre muestras poco conservadas de pieles depositadas en la colección del Museo Regional Monseñor Fagnano, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, con el objetivo de identificar la especie con la que fueron confeccionadas. Se extrajeron pelos de mantas realizadas con pieles de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) por Selk’nam y de una piel de puma (Puma concolor) procedente de la provincia de Santa Cruz. Ambas muestras se encontraban almacenadas en el Museo Regional Monseñor Fagnano y en la Misión Salesiana Candelaria en Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. La extracción de ADN de los fragmentos de pelos de 5mm de longitud se realizó en un buffer de lisis PCR-compatible. Se amplificaron por PCR fragmentos específicos de ADN mitocondrial y se secuenciaron. Las secuencias fueron comparadas con las depositadas en la base de secuencias de nucleótidos del National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) de Estados Unidos. La aplicación de técnicas moleculares permitió recuperar secuencias de ADN de muestras de pieles con un estado de conservación poco óptimo para análisis genéticos, pudiendo extenderse a otras fuentes de pelos como las fibras textiles de origen arqueológico de la región.Molecular techniques were applied to samples from poorly preserved furs deposited in the collection of Monseñor Fagnano Regional Museum in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, in order to identify the species from which they were made. Hairs were obtained from guanaco leather blankets (Lama guanicoe) and a puma fur (Puma concolor) made by Selk’nam from Santa Cruz province. Both samples have been kept in the warehouse of Monseñor Fagnano Regional Museum at the Candelaria Salesian Mission in Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. For DNA extraction, 5mm hair strands were digested in a PCR-compatible lysis buffer. Specific mitochondrial DNA fragments were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Nucleotide sequences were compared with those deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), USA: GenBank. The use of molecular techniques allowed us to recover sequences from poorly preserved fur samples. This can be extended to other sources of hairs and fibers of archaeological origin in the area.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

Demodex sp. (Trombidiformes: Demodicidae) in Lama guanicoe coprolites from CCP7 archaeological site (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)

El presente trabajo comunica el hallazgo de un ectoparásito en una muestra de coprolitos de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) hallados en el sitio arqueológico Cerro Casa de Piedra 7 (CCP7) ubicado en la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Se examinaron seis coprolitos del nivel III del sitio arqueológico CCP7 (3990±80 años antes del presente). Los mismos fueron rehidratados, se procesaron por sedimentación espontánea y el sedimento fue observado bajo microscopio óptico. Se registró un ácaro vermiforme identificado como Demodex sp. La detección de Demodex sp. en coprolitos sugiere manifestaciones patológicas del ácaro sobre su hospedador. Este es el primer registro de Demodex para guanacos y también en coprolitos a nivel global.In the present work, the finding of an ectoparasite in Lama guanicoe coprolites found in Cerro Casa de Piedra, cave 7 archaeological site CCP7 (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina) was reported. Six coprolites collected of level III from CCP7 site (3,990±80 years before present) were rehydrated and submitted to spontaneous sedimentation for microscope analysis. A vermiform mite was identified as Demodex sp., and their presence in coprolites suggests pathological manifestations of the mite on its host. This is the first Demodex record in guanacos and also in coprolites at global level.Asociación Parasitológica Argentin

Información molecular obtenida a partir de pieles de la colección del Museo Regional Fagnano, Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego

En el presente trabajo se aplicaron técnicas moleculares sobre muestras poco conservadas de pieles depositadas en la colección del Museo Regional Monseñor Fagnano, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, con el objetivo de identificar la especie con la que fueron confeccionadas. Se extrajeron pelos de mantas realizadas con pieles de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) por Selk’nam y de una piel de puma (Puma concolor) procedente de la provincia de Santa Cruz. Ambas muestras se encontraban almacenadas en el Museo Regional Monseñor Fagnano y en la Misión Salesiana Candelaria en Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. La extracción de ADN de los fragmentos de pelos de 5mm de longitud se realizó en un buffer de lisis PCR-compatible. Se amplificaron por PCR fragmentos específicos de ADN mitocondrial y se secuenciaron. Las secuencias fueron comparadas con las depositadas en la base de secuencias de nucleótidos del National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) de Estados Unidos. La aplicación de técnicas moleculares permitió recuperar secuencias de ADN de muestras de pieles con un estado de conservación poco óptimo para análisis genéticos, pudiendo extenderse a otras fuentes de pelos como las fibras textiles de origen arqueológico de la región.Molecular techniques were applied to samples from poorly preserved furs deposited in the collection of Monseñor Fagnano Regional Museum in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, in order to identify the species from which they were made. Hairs were obtained from guanaco leather blankets (Lama guanicoe) and a puma fur (Puma concolor) made by Selk’nam from Santa Cruz province. Both samples have been kept in the warehouse of Monseñor Fagnano Regional Museum at the Candelaria Salesian Mission in Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. For DNA extraction, 5mm hair strands were digested in a PCR-compatible lysis buffer. Specific mitochondrial DNA fragments were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Nucleotide sequences were compared with those deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), USA: GenBank. The use of molecular techniques allowed us to recover sequences from poorly preserved fur samples. This can be extended to other sources of hairs and fibers of archaeological origin in the area.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

Exploración coproparasitológica en zorros grises Lycalopex gymnocercus Fisher, 1814 de un humedal pampeano

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo explorar la presencia de helmintos en heces de zorro gris (Lycalopex gymnocercus Fisher, 1814) en un humedal, especialmente, para identificar parásitos invasores. Se colectaron heces de carnívoros halladas en la zona de la Albúfera de Mar Chiquita, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, que fueron sometidas a exámenes de ADN para corroborar su origen zoológico. Se realizaron exámenes parasitológicos mediante microscopía y la identidad de los helmintos más frecuentes fue corroborada mediante técnicas moleculares. Los resultados del análisis molecular de las heces mostraron ocho muestras positivas para cánidos, 2 para felinos y 1 para carnívoro. La secuencia de ADN de esta última correspondió a Lycalopex gymnocercus. El análisis microscópico permitió identificar 19 especies parasitarias. Digeneos y cestodes diphyllobothrideos fueron hallados en todas las heces, lo cual demuestra la importancia de los recursos acuáticos para estos carnívoros en el humedal. Aunque las poblaciones de zorros grises de la región pampeana están expuestos a una antigua invasión de especies exóticas, aquí, únicamente Eucoleus spp. podría tener origen en la introducción de perros y gatos al ecosistema.In the present work, helminths was explored in carnivores feces that inhabit in a wetland of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify invasive parasites through microscopic and molecular tools. Carnivore feces were collected in Mar Chiquita lagoon, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Parasitological and ADN studies were performed. PCR amplifications showed that 8 samples were positive to canids, 2 samples to felids and 1 sample to carnivore. This carnivore DNA was sequenced and identified as Lycalopex gymnocercus. Likewise, 19 parasitic species were identified. Diphyllobothrid (Cestoda) and digenea parasites were found in all feces. These findings showed the importance of aquatic resources for these carnivores in the wetland. Although the pampas fox populations in the Pampean region have been exposed to an ancient invasion of exotic species, in this exploratory study only Eucoleus spp. could have been introduced by dogs and cats in this ecosystem.Fil: Fugassa, Martín Horacio. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Petrigh, Romina Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; Argentin

Parásitos de mamíferos durante el holoceno tardío en el sitio arqueológico Cueva Milodón Norte 1

Se comunican los primeros resultados parasitológicos para el sitio arqueológico Cueva Milodón Norte 1, ubicado en la provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Se examinaron coprolitos morfológicamente atribuíbles a roedores y procedentes de la capa III del sitio, asignada al Holoceno Tardío. Se procesaron individualmente, mediante la rehidratación y concentración de los restos parasitarios por sedimentación espontánea. Se hallaron diez especies parasitarias. Aunque la morfología de dos de los coprolitos era compatible con roedores, su composición parasitaria permitió determinar que correspondían a guanacos. Tres de los coprolitos fueron asignados a Lagidium sp. En roedores, se pudo determinar la presencia de dos cestodes anoplocefálidos, dos nematodes trichuroideos y dos nematodes oxiúridos; estos últimos con huevos similares a los de Syphacia sp. y Labiostomum sp. Los hallazgos amplían el conocimiento sobre la distribución prehispánica de parásitos y la ecología parasitaria en abrigos rocosos ocupados por cazadores-recolectores de Patagonia.Fil: Fugassa, Martín Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Petrigh, Romina Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentin