Slavery and human trafficking international law and the role of the World Bank

This paper reviews the international legal framework applicable to the World Bank and member states on contemporary forms of slavery, in particular, trafficking. The Palermo trafficking protocol is specially analyzed. Moreover, the paper refers to the preventive framework constituted by human rights obligations, particularly those of international labor law. The World Bank's mandate appears to permit preventive action. The articles expressly refer to the goal of improving conditions of labor. On one hand, the Bank's present practice includes work in areas linked to human rights, which reveals tacit agreement by member states. In addition, human rights obligations have been widely accepted by the international community, though implementation is poor. Moreover, poverty causes vulnerability to slavery-like practices, and they perpetuate poverty. A modest set of recommendations and areas in which further research is needed are included. The paper encourages mainstreaming the issues analyzed strategically in the Bank's core operations (concerning processes and results), with country-led and country specific efforts, identifying the issues important for poverty reduction and growth.Human Rights,Population Policies,Child Labor,Gender and Law,Post Conflict Reconstruction

Brazilian foreign policy in health during Ddilma Rrousseff's administration (2011-2014)

Abstract This article analyses changes and continuities in Brazilian international actions in the field of public health, aiming at understanding how the Brazilian foreign policy in health during President Dilma Rousseff's first term (2011-2014) was developed. Available data from President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010) years and Dilma's first term were used for comparative purposes. Emphasis was given on South-South cooperation projects, more specifically the Union of South American Countries (USAN, Unión de Naciones Suramericanas - Unasur) and to the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries (CPLP). Brazilian behavior in international fora, such as the World Health Organization, was analyzed as well, with the purpose of understanding how such behavior evolved. In addition, domestic issues were considered. In this case, the coordination among different actors of the Brazilian Executive Power received due attention. Findings suggest that there has been downfall and even decline in the Government's foreign health policy

Words make people think, ... but pictures make people feel: The effect negative vs. positive images on charitable behavior

We ran an experiment where the subjects initially played a four-round dictator game, after which each subject was shown either a set of positive images or a set of negative images. Finally the subjects played another four-round dictator game.
The effect of the sign of images shown is clear on the players’ behaviors: positive images have moderate effects on charitable behavior while negative images dramatically increase charity.
We could therefore infer from our experimental results that showing negative images of the Haitian and Chilean catastrophes to the international public would have significant positive impacts on international donations to the victims and the rebuilding programs in both countries

Photoperiod-sensitivity genes (Ppd-1) : quantifying their effect on the photoperiod response model in wheat

Coupling anthesis date to the most suitable environmental conditions is critical for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adaptation and yield potential. Development to anthesis is controlled by temperature and photoperiod. Response to photoperiod is chiefly modulated by Ppd-1 genes, but their effect on the quantitative response to photoperiod of (i) time to anthesis and (ii) pre-anthesis phases remains largely unknown. A photoperiod-sensitive spring cultivar, Paragon, and near-isogenic lines of it carrying different combinations of Ppd-1a insensitivity alleles were tested under a wide range of photoperiods, including switches in photoperiod at the onset of stem elongation. Using multimodel inference we found that Ppd-1a alleles reduced photoperiod sensitivity of (i) emergence to anthesis and (ii) emergence to onset of stem elongation, both in a less than additive manner, while threshold photoperiod and intrinsic earliness were unaffected. Sensitivity to current photoperiod from onset of stem elongation to flag leaf and from then to anthesis was milder than for previous phases and was not related to variability in Ppd-1. However, ‘memory’ effects of previously experienced photoperiod on the duration from onset of stem elongation to flag leaf were related to variability in Ppd-1. The characterization and quantification provided here of the effects on development of Ppd-1 allelic combinations should help increase accuracy of genotype-to-phenotype models in predicting wheat phenology.EEA PergaminoFil: Perez Gianmarco, Thomas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Sección Ecofisiología; Argentina. CONICET-UNNOBA.CITNOBA; ArgentinaFil: Severini, Alan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Sección Ecofisiología; ArgentinaFil: González, Fernanda G. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Sección Ecofisiología; Argentina. CONICET-UNNOBA.CITNOBA; Argentin

Photoperiod-sensitivity genes shape floret development in wheat

Lengthening the pre-anthesis period of stem elongation (or late-reproductive phase, LRP) through altering photoperiod sensitivity has been suggested as a potential means to increase the number of fertile florets at anthesis (NFF) in wheat. However, little is known about the effects that the Ppd-1 genes modulating plant response to photoperiod may have on reproductive development. Here, five genotypes with either sensitive (b) or insensitive (a) alleles were grown in chambers under contrasting photoperiods (12 h or 16 h) to assess their effects. The genotypes consisted of the control cultivar Paragon (three Ppd-1b) and four near-isogenic lines of Paragon with Ppd-1a alleles introgressed from: Chinese Spring (Ppd-B1a), GS-100 (Ppd-A1a), Sonora 64 (Ppd-D1a), and Triple Insensitive (three Ppd-1a). Under a 12-h photoperiod, NFF in the genotypes followed the order three Ppd-1b > Ppd-B1a > Ppd-A1a > Ppd-D1a > three Ppd-1a. Under a 16-h photoperiod the differences were milder, but three Ppd-1b still had a greater NFF than the rest. As Ppd-1a alleles shortened the LRP, spikes were lighter and the NFF decreased. The results demonstrated for the first time that Ppd-1a decreases the maximum number of florets initiated through shortening the floret initiation phase, and this partially explained the variations in NFF. The most important impact of Ppd-1a alleles, however, was related to a reduction in survival of floret primordia, which resulted in the lower NFF. These findings reinforce the idea that an increased duration of the LRP, achieved through photoperiod sensitivity, would be useful for increasing wheat yield potential.EEA PergaminoFil: Pérez Gianmarco, Thomas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Ecofisiología; Argentina. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, and AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology); España. CONICET-UNNOBA. CITNOBA; ArgentinaFil: Slafer, Gustavo A. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, and AGROTECNIO (Center for Research in Agrotechnology); España. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); EspañaFil: González, Fernanda G. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Departamento Ecofisiología; Argentina. CONICET-UNNOBA. CITNOBA; Argentin

Wheat Ppd-1 allelic combination modulates photoperiod sensitivity

ABSTRACT: a model linking Ppd-1 allelic composition to photoperiod response curve would allow replacing expensive and time consuming phenologic trials. In Ppd-1 near isogenic lines grown under different photoperiods we observed that Ppd-1a “insensitivity” alleles decreased photoperiod sensitivity for the whole cycle to anthesis, with negligible effect on threshold photoperiod or intrinsic earliness. Photoperiod sensitivity for the first half of the cycle (emergence to onset of stem elongation) responded similarly. Photoperiod response for the second half (onset of stem elongation to anthesis) was milder. After validation, this model would allow to predict photoperiod response of any genotype, given its Ppd-1 allelic combination.EEA PergaminoFil: Perez Gianmarco, Thomas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Ecofisiología; ArgentinaFil: Severini, Alan. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Ecofisiología; ArgentinaFil: González, Fernanda. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Pergamino. Ecofisiología; Argentin

Study of simple sequence repeat markers from coffee expressed sequences associated to leaf miner resistance

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar marcadores do tipo microssatélite (SSR) associados à resistência ao bicho-mineiro. A identificação dos marcadores foi feita por meio de buscas dirigidas no banco de seqüências expressas (EST) de café. Foram selecionadas 32 sequências microssatélites expressas em folhas e relacionadas a mecanismos de defesa. Os locos SSR avaliados apresentaram, em sua maioria, repetições mais complexas, com: 65% das repetições de tetranucleotídeos, 21% de trinucleotídeos e 14% de dinucleotídeos. Os locos avaliados estão freqüentemente localizados na região 5'-UTR do gene e envolvidos com mecanismos de defesa. Polimorfismos foram avaliados em progênies avançadas de cruzamentos entre Coffea racemosa x Coffea arabica, segregantes para resistência ao bicho-mineiro. Destes 32 oligonucleotídeos, 29 amplificaram os locos SSR esperados, e o número médio de alelos por loco foi de 2,1. Não foram identificados alelos polimórficos associados à resistência ao bicho-mineiro. Esses resultados sugerem que a seleção assistida por marcadores, em café, deve ser realizada em cruzamentos iniciais, nos quais a variabilidade genética é maior.The objective of this work was to identify expressed simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers associated to leaf miner resistance in coffee progenies. Identification of SSR markers was accomplished by directed searches on the Brazilian Coffee Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) database. Sequence analysis of 32 selected SSR loci showed that 65% repeats are of tetra-, 21% of tri- and 14% of dinucleotides. Also, expressed SSR are localized frequently in the 5'–UTR of gene transcript. Moreover, most of the genes containing SSR are associated with defense mechanisms. Polymorphisms were analyzed in progenies segregating for resistance to the leaf miner and corresponding to advanced generations of a Coffea arabica x Coffea racemosa hybrid. Frequency of SSR alleles was 2.1 per locus. However, no polymorphism associated with leaf miner resistance was identified. These results suggest that marker-assisted selection in coffee breeding should be performed on the initial cross, in which genetic variability is still significant

Ética de los cuidados con responsabilidad por el otro según la perspectiva de estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad privada, Chiclayo 2020

El estudiante de enfermería pasa por todos los procesos académicos necesarios y exigidos al momento de cuidar, tiene una responsabilidad y un compromiso consigo mismo y con la persona que cuidará, exigencia que parte de su formación la ética. Con ello surge el interés por la presente investigación de tipo cualitativo delineada como descriptivo, cuyo objetivo fue: Describir y analizar la ética de los cuidados con responsabilidad por el otro según la perspectiva de los estudiantes de Enfermería de una Universidad Privada, Chiclayo 2020. La muestra se saturó con 14 estudiantes del X ciclo de la Escuela de Enfermería que cursan con internado, obtenida por saturación y redundancia y el muestreo no probabilístico. En la recolección de datos se usó la entrevista semiestructurada a profundidad, validada por 3 expertos, estudio piloto, y aprobada por comité de ética de investigación de la facultad de medicina USAT. Los datos recolectados pasaron por análisis de contenido temático. Y en transcurso de la investigación se usó los principios éticos y de rigor científico. Como resultados surgieron cuatro categorías: a) Dilucidando los significados de la ética de los cuidados en la trayectoria formativa, b) Articulando teoría y práctica de la ética de los cuidados en la trayectoria universitaria, c) Afanes de responsabilidad en el contexto práctico, d) Revelando correcciones en la ética del cuidado en el contexto teórico, práctico. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de enfermería piden que se realicen ciertas correcciones en la ética de los cuidados con responsabilidad del otro, no sólo en la teoría sino en la práctica, como el acompañamiento de docente-estudiante, ya que por la inexperiencia pueden cometer errores

Malteo de la semilla de amaranto para la elaboración de cerveza artesanal

El malteo de un cereal es un punto clave en la elaboración de las cervezas ya sean industrializadas o artesanales, el uso de otros pseudocereales como el amaranto es un nicho de oportunidad, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue estandarizar el proceso de malteo de la semilla de amaranto para lograr un germinado libre de contaminación, y comparar 3 métodos hidrolíticos del almidón para obtener una concentración de azúcares fermentables para la elaboración de una cerveza artesanal 100 % de amaranto. La semilla de amaranto contiene una concentración de almidón del 60 %, siendo adecuado para que pueda ser transformado durante la elaboración de una cerveza artesanal. El proceso se inicia con la obtención de malta de amaranto libre de contaminación, aplicando un remojo de 4 horas e hidratando por aspersión con agua cada 3 horas por 3 días a temperatura de 22 °C. El poder diastásico de la malta de amaranto, corresponde a la cuarta parte del reportado para la cebada, por lo que se sometió el almidón de la malta de amaranto a 3 métodos hidrolíticos para la liberación de azúcares reductores: natural, químico y enzimático. Con el método natural, no se logró extraer más del 4 % de azúcares reductores, obteniendo una cerveza del 1% de alcohol. Realizando la hidrólisis química por 60 minutos, se obtuvo un porcentaje de azúcares reductores del 12.58%, y una cerveza con graduación alcohólica de 2.73% pero con notas saladas, por lo cual no tuvo aceptación sensorial. La hidrólisis mediante las enzimas presentes en la malta de cebada no arrojaron diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de azúcares extraídos, obteniendo una cerveza de 1.53% Alc. Vol. Finalmente, se evaluó la adición de las enzimas comerciales: amilasas y glucoamilasas, resultando el método menos agresivo para la obtención de carbohidratos fermentables presentes en el mosto de la malta de amaranto sin afectar los atributos sensoriales presentes en la cerveza tipo lager, estimando una concentración de azúcares reductores del 16.91 %