Soil pollution with heavy metals as a result of temporary steel scrap storage intended for processing at melt shop

U ovom radu dan je prikaz oneĉišćenja tla teškim metalima uzrokovanog privremenim odlaganjem čeličnog otpada na nezaštićenim zemljanim površinama. Čelični otpad se koristi kao sirovina za proizvodnju čelika. Kao primjer ovakve vrste onečišćenja tla, dan je osvrt na ispitivanje tla provedenog na podruĉju tzv. lomare u sisaĉkoj čeličani. Na tom području se čelični otpad odlagao dugi niz godina te je bio izloţen utjecaju atmosferilija što je dovelo do onečišćenja tla. U navedenom ispitivanju, analizirane su koncentracije teških metala u tlu (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb i Zn). Dobiveni rezultati analize uzoraka tla sa područja lomare uspoređeni su s rezultatima referentnog uzorka tla, kao i s preporučenim graničnim vrijednostima teških metala u tlu namijenjenog u industrijske i komercijalne svrhe prema Programu trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske i graničnim vrijednostima teških metala u tlu propisanih Pravilnikom o zaštiti poljoprivrednog zemljišta od onečišćenja.This paper reviews soil contamination with heavy metals caused by the temporary disposal of steel scrap on unprotected earthen surfaces. Steel scrap is used as a raw material for steel production. As an example of this type of soil pollution, a survey of soil testing carried out in the area of scrap yard at Sisak melt shop is given. In this area, steel scrap was disposed of for many years and was exposed to the influence of atmospheric conditions leading to soil contamination. Heavy metal concentrations in soil were investigat ed (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn). The results of the analysis of soil samples from the area of scrap yard are compared with the results of the reference soil sample as well as with the recommended heavy metals limit values in the soil intended for industrial and commercial purposes according to the Croatian Soil Monitoring Program and with the heavy metals limit values in the soil intended for agricultural purposes as well

Properties of Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy after cold drawing

U ovom radu provedena je mikrostrukturna karakterizacija Cu-Al-Mn legure s prisjetljivosti oblika. Legura Cu-11,9Al-2,5Mn (mas. %) s prisjetljivosti oblika dobivena je postupkom vertikalnog kontinuiranog lijevanja u obliku šipke promjera 8 mm. Procesom toplog valjanja i kovanja u profiliranom alatu dobivena je šipka promjera 4,80 mm. Šipka je zatim bila podvrgnuta procesu hladnog vuĉenja ĉime je dobivena ţica promjera 4,47 mm, 3,22 mm i 1,80 mm. IzmeĊu provlaka hladnog vuĉenja uzorci su bili toplinski obraĊeni na 580 °C/60 minuta i 600 °C/60 minuta. Mikrostrukturna karakterizacija uzoraka provedena je optiĉkom svjetlosnom mikroskopijom (OM) i pretraţnom elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) s energijsko disperzijskom spektrometrijom (EDS). Detaljnom analizom mikrostrukture zamijećena je dvofazna (α + β) mikrostruktura u lijevanom stanju, dok uzorci nakon hladnog vuĉenja pokazuju dvofaznu (martenzit + α) mikrostrukturu. Odabrani uzorci su zatim bili podvrgnuti postupku toplinske obrade na 900 °C/15 minuta te su naglo ohlaĊeni u vodi sobne temperature. OM i SEM analizom uzoraka vidljiva je martenzitna mikrostruktura koja nastaje kao posljedica hlaĊenja legure iz β-faznog podruĉja. Mikrotvrdoća uzoraka raste sa smanjenjem promjera ţice. Uzorci nakon toplinske obrade pokazuju niţe vrijednosti mikrotvrdoće u odnosu na uzorke nakon hladnog vuĉenja.In this paper, microstructural characterization of Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy was performed. The Cu-11.9Al-2.5Mn (wt.%) shape memory alloy was produced by vertical continuous casting technique obtaining bars of 8 mm in diameter. With the process of hot rolling and forging in a profiled tool the 4.80 mm bar was produced. The bar was then subjected to a cold drawing process to obtain a wire of 4.47 mm, 3.22 mm and 1.80 mm in diameter. Between cold drawing runs, the samples were heat treated at 580 °C/60 minutes and 600 °C/60 minutes. Microstructural characterization of the samples was performed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). A detailed analysis of the microstructure revealed a two-phase (α + β) microstructure in the as-cast state, while the samples after cold drawing showed a two-phase (martensite + α) microstructure. The selected samples were then subjected to heat treatment procedure at 900 °C/15 minutes which was followed by rapid cooling in room temperature water. OM and SEM analysis of the samples revealed a martensitic microstructure as a result of cooling the alloy from the β-phase region. The microhardness of the samples increases with decreasing wire diameter. Samples after heat treatment show lower values of microhardness compared to samples after cold drawing

Soil pollution with heavy metals as a result of temporary steel scrap storage intended for processing at melt shop

U ovom radu dan je prikaz oneĉišćenja tla teškim metalima uzrokovanog privremenim odlaganjem čeličnog otpada na nezaštićenim zemljanim površinama. Čelični otpad se koristi kao sirovina za proizvodnju čelika. Kao primjer ovakve vrste onečišćenja tla, dan je osvrt na ispitivanje tla provedenog na podruĉju tzv. lomare u sisaĉkoj čeličani. Na tom području se čelični otpad odlagao dugi niz godina te je bio izloţen utjecaju atmosferilija što je dovelo do onečišćenja tla. U navedenom ispitivanju, analizirane su koncentracije teških metala u tlu (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb i Zn). Dobiveni rezultati analize uzoraka tla sa područja lomare uspoređeni su s rezultatima referentnog uzorka tla, kao i s preporučenim graničnim vrijednostima teških metala u tlu namijenjenog u industrijske i komercijalne svrhe prema Programu trajnog motrenja tala Hrvatske i graničnim vrijednostima teških metala u tlu propisanih Pravilnikom o zaštiti poljoprivrednog zemljišta od onečišćenja.This paper reviews soil contamination with heavy metals caused by the temporary disposal of steel scrap on unprotected earthen surfaces. Steel scrap is used as a raw material for steel production. As an example of this type of soil pollution, a survey of soil testing carried out in the area of scrap yard at Sisak melt shop is given. In this area, steel scrap was disposed of for many years and was exposed to the influence of atmospheric conditions leading to soil contamination. Heavy metal concentrations in soil were investigat ed (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn). The results of the analysis of soil samples from the area of scrap yard are compared with the results of the reference soil sample as well as with the recommended heavy metals limit values in the soil intended for industrial and commercial purposes according to the Croatian Soil Monitoring Program and with the heavy metals limit values in the soil intended for agricultural purposes as well

FDI AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CROATIA ACCORDING TO ECONOMIC THEORY

The aim of this paper is to analyse influence of foreign direct investments (FDI) on economic growth of Croatia in period between 1995.and 2011. According to economical theory FDI have positive influence on economical growth of the country receiver of investments. The question that this paper is trying to answer is: Is economical theory in case of Croatia confirmed or are the circulation of chosen macroeconomic indicators of economical growth contrary to the expectations. In the paper is analysed the influence of the FDI on employment, GDP, export and investments. The first part of paper describes economical theory and expected consequences of the FDI, the second part of the paper describes movement of the FDI in Croatia, with overview on the structure and short comparison with the transition countries. The third part of the paper is the analysis of FDI relating to each of above mentioned economical indicators of economical growth. The analysis shows that foreign direct investments do not influence on chosen indicators or that FDI do not influence significantly. Based on the given results that are opposite to economical theory the conclusion is that problem is mainly in the structure of FDI with special emphasis on small part of greenfield investments

RECOMMENDED CONTENTS OF BUSINESS PLANS AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES AT HOME AND ABROAD

The aim of this paper is to analyze the recommended content of business plans and feasibility studies at home and abroad, to describe the differences and provide guidance and recommendations on how to improve the recommended contents. According to the recommended content (CBRD), there haven\u27t been introduced analyses such as SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and VMOST analysis in Croatia. All major banking institutions that operate in the Croatian financial market accept CBRD\u27s model. Whether the recommended content is good, what are the differences in terms of countries of the world, and how to make a good and quality business plan or feasibility study are the questions that this paper will try to answer. The first part describes various recommended contents of business plans and feasibility studies at home and abroad and the second part describes the thanklessness of financial indicators projections nowadays. The third part of the paper analyzes why it is necessary to make analyses like SWOT, PESTLE and VMOST, along financial analysis, what they consist of, and how to do them well and efficiently. Also, the paper examines how they complement the financial tables and provide a better and wider picture of the entrepreneur, company or project. In conclusion, the paper will show that the recommended content has to be modified and supplement these earlier analyses, and thus try to restore the confidence of potential investors

JOINING OF ECONOMIC ENTITIES AS A POSSIBILITY OF SURVIVAL ON THE MODERN MARKET

In today\u27s global market, a major challenge for every economic entity is to be competitive and achieve its objectives. The method of survival shows that those companies with the lowest costs will survive and remain on the market. G. J. Stigler explained this technique on the market share of different sized companies in the steel industry in the United States. In his method he groups enterprises by size (small, medium and large). Historically, it is known that economic entities have been joining together since the Middle Ages. At that time, traders who formed associations were not engaged only in trade, but also in transportation and monetary activity. Economic entities are still joining together today, mostly in the form of a cooperative, cluster, cooperation, public private partnership or holding. The reason for that lies in the reduction of costs, risks and competition and the possibility of increasing the capacity of economic entities. Also, it should be noted that there is a synergy effect when economic entities join together. We are witnesses of many failed businesses, which did not respond to the economic crisis and the needs of the market.The aim of this paper is to try to connect the technique of survival and joining of economic entities and show how a merger is one of the survival models that in conditions of economic crisis provides options to business entities. Only companies with the lowest costs and high-quality technology can survive and compete in today\u27s market

Marketinški aspekti osobnog razvoja

Suvremeno doba pruža brojne alate za osobni razvoj kojima pojedinac može odgovoriti na izazove s kojima se susreće u privatnom i poslovnom smislu. Ukupni osobni razvoj pojedinca u sebi sadrži privatnu i poslovnu dimenziju. Integralni pristup osobnom razvoju pojedinca težit će razvijanju obje dimenzije osobnog razvoja. Suvremeno tržište rada od pojedinca traži brojne poslovne vještine jer su zahtjevi tržišta i suvremenog poslovanja dinamični i kompleksni. Poslovne vještine pojedinca sastoje se od tvrdih vještina (hard skills) i mekih vještina (soft skills). Osim tvrdih vještina, formalnih znanja i stručnih kompetencija, od današnjih se pojedinaca traži i posjedovanje niza mekih vještina koje se razvijaju cjeloživotnim učenjem i usavršavanjem pojedinca. Poslodavci sve više prepoznaju vrijednost mekih vještina jer one doprinose pojedincima te organizaciji i njenim rezultatima. Marketinški aspekti osobnog razvoja pojedinca očituju se kao prilika za razlikovanje pojedinca na tržištu rada od ostalih aktera na tržištu rada. Osobno brendiranje je strategija kojom pojedinac pronalazi svoj vlastiti identitet i specifičnosti koje će usavršavati, kako bi korištenje vlastitih potencijala i specifičnosti pojedincu donosilo vrijednost u svakodnevnom životu (privatno i poslovno). Osobnom SWOT analizom pojedinac može razumjeti svoje snage i slabosti te prilike i prijetnje te tako kreirati strategiju poslovnog razvoja i ujedno utvrditi vlastite snage i potencijale za osobno brendiranje (self-branding). U ovom radu analizirali su se dostupni sekundarni podaci konteksta osobnog razvoja pojedinca i utvrdili njegovi potencijali. Može se zaključiti da pojedinac koji upravlja svojim osobnim razvojem time donosi vrijednost sebi osobno, organizaciji kojoj pripada te društvu u cjelini

Utjecaj pandemije na ponašanje potrošača - donošenje odluka o kupovini

Potrošači sudjeluju na tržištu kupovinom dobara i usluga te kupnjom žele maksimizirati svoju korisnost. U vrijeme pandemije koja je izazvana virusom COVID-19 potrošači su bili suočeni s mnogim promjenama u načinu kupovine. Osim što su potrošači mijenjali svoje kupovne navike, mnogi trgovački lanci bili su primoreni mijenjati način prodaje te omogućiti potrošačima online kupovinu. Predmet ovog rada su potrošačke navike u kupovini u uvjetima pandemije koja je neminovno promijenila uvjete života svim akterima na tržištu. Za potrebe ovog rada koristilo se istraživanje putem metode ispitivanja kroz online anketni upitnik, provedeno 2021. godine. Cilj je kroz podatke prikazati navike potrošača u različitim kategorijama proizvoda, kako bi se utvrdilo u kojoj mjeri je pandemija utjecala na ponašanje potrošača i na njihove kupovne navike, no ujedno i same uvjete kupovine koji su se značajno promijenili. Testirane su hipoteze da je pandemija imala značajan utjecaj na promjene potrošačkih navika te da su potrošači u vrijeme pandemije bili skloni impulzivnoj kupovini. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata vidljive su promjene u ponašanju potrošača pri odlučivanju o kupovini, zbog utjecaja značajnog eksternog čimbenika (pandemija COVID-19). Doprinos ovog rada može se očitovati u promjenama koje su vidljive u navikama online kupovine, gdje potrošači pokazuju značajne promjene te se iz toga razloga očekuje da će sklonost potrošača kupovini online putem značajno rasti u budućem period – zahvaljujući iskustvu koje su stekli u vrijeme pandemije. S obzirom da su stavovi potrošača u ključnim kategorijama vezanima uz online kupovinu promijenjeni, to navodi na upravo iskazan zaključak, da će u mnogim kategorijama online postati jednako zastupljen način kupovine dobara