American Indians in U.S. History

Review of: "American Indians in U.S. History," by Roger L. Nichols

Review of \u3ci\u3eThe Dull Knifes of Pine Ridge: A Lakota Odyssey\u3c/i\u3e By Joe Starita

Joe Starita\u27s book centers on five generations of the Dull Knife family from the 1870s until the present. The original Dull Knife was a Northern Cheyenne who, with Little Wolf, led his people north from Indian Territory in 1878. The flight became one of the more famous episodes of the Indian wars. His son, George Dull Knife, born in 1875, probably came north to the Pine Ridge reservation several years later and identified with the Lakota rather than the Northern Cheyenne. George worked in Buffalo Bill\u27s Wild West Show and later served as a tribal policeman. His son, Guy, Sr., attended Haskell Institute, fought in World War I, and represented his people on the tribal council at Pine Ridge for many years. Guy, Jr., born in 1947, grew up in a traditional environment, spent a tour in Vietnam, and eventually became an artist-sculptor. The children of Guy, Jr. constitute the fifth generation. The author\u27s approach combines passages in which he discusses stories from the Dull Knife family history with passages that attempt to provide a general background and context. Although Starita\u27s efforts to weave the specifics with the broader events has some merit, he has problems fulfilling the full potential of his approach. He does not, for example, always show how larger trends affected the family members. Similarly, he does not always ask the questions that would have fully illuminated the Dull Knifes\u27 actions. Finally, Starita, a former journalist, tends to oversimplify matters by depicting Lakota history as a series of dark conspiracies perpetrated by the army, farmers, ranchers, and energy companies. Far more detailed research on family members in agency records, council minutes, newspapers, and other local sources would have relieved many of the book\u27s weaknesses. Starita shows the benefits of such research in his discussion of the three years Guy, Sr. spent at Haskell. By combining interviews with student records, Starita is able to disclose George\u27s motives in sending his son to boarding school and to humanize the intense difficulties Guy, Sr. experienced there. Despite several problems, Starita\u27s book will likely appeal to general readers. His account of the Dull Knifes is readable and interesting, showing how one family made the difficult transitions from the beginnings of reservation life to more recent times. He is also effective in laying out how Lakota women adapted to changes and managed to influence events even though not allowed to take a direct role

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article introduces and annotates an excerpt from the autobiography of Reverend William Graham, a Methodist missionary who worked with Choctaws at the Fort Coffee and New Hope schools in the mid-nineteenth century

American Indians in U.S. History

Review of: "American Indians in U.S. History," by Roger L. Nichols

Bi-allelic variants in neuronal cell adhesion molecule cause a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental delay, hypotonia, neuropathy/spasticity

Cell adhesion molecules are membrane-bound proteins predominantly expressed in the central nervous system along principal axonal pathways with key roles in nervous system development, neural cell differentiation and migration, axonal growth and guidance, myelination, and synapse formation. Here, we describe ten affected individuals with bi-allelic variants in the neuronal cell adhesion molecule NRCAM that lead to a neurodevelopmental syndrome of varying severity; the individuals are from eight families. This syndrome is characterized by developmental delay/intellectual disability, hypotonia, peripheral neuropathy, and/or spasticity. Computational analyses of NRCAM variants, many of which cluster in the third fibronectin type III (Fn-III) domain, strongly suggest a deleterious effect on NRCAM structure and function, including possible disruption of its interactions with other proteins. These findings are corroborated by previous in vitro studies of murine Nrcam-deficient cells, revealing abnormal neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and formation of nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons. Our studies on zebrafish nrcama(Delta) mutants lacking the third Fn-III domain revealed that mutant larvae displayed significantly altered swimming behavior compared to wild-type larvae (p < 0.03). Moreover, nrcama(Delta) mutants displayed a trend toward increased amounts of alpha-tubulin fibers in the dorsal telencephalon, demonstrating an alteration in white matter tracts and projections. Taken together, our study provides evidence that NRCAM disruption causes a variable form of a neurodevelopmental disorder and broadens the knowledge on the growing role of the cell adhesion molecule family in the nervous system