A autonomia do paciente idoso no contexto dos cuidados em saúde e seu aspecto relacional

The aim of this article is to discuss the autonomy of elderly patients in the context of medical health care from a relational perspective. Although national and international laws establish the need to stimulate and respect the autonomy of the elderly, few achievements are seen in this area, especially in the field of medical relations. From the conceptual study of autonomy under different lines of thought, namely, the traditional biomedical autonomy, autonomy seen from a sociological perspective and the relational autonomy defended by human rights, we sought to reflect on the situation of elderly patients, doubly vulnerable due to age and illness, and whose autonomy is not generally appreciated by health professionals and family members. The conclusion was that the most appropriate theoretical framework to characterize elderly patients' autonomy is relational autonomy, because only from the recognition of their special vulnerability and taking into account their values, culture, relationships and social context it is possible to understand them as a whole, to integrate them to the care process and motivate them to participate in the treatment. Human rights of patients endorse relational autonomy and acknowledge that to ensure the rights of elderly patients it is necessary to establish a network of social protection through public policies that make them visible to all, preserve their dignity, as well as motivate them to exercise their autonomy by making decisions that involve their health. O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar a autonomia do paciente idoso no contexto dos cuidados em saúde sob a perspectiva relacional. Embora normas nacionais e internacionais estabeleçam a necessidade de se estimular e respeitar a autonomia da pessoa idosa, poucas conquistas podem ser verificadas nessa seara, em especial no âmbito das relações médicas. A partir do estudo conceitual de autonomia sob diferentes pensamentos – quais sejam, a autonomia tradicional biomédica, a autonomia vista sob um prisma sociológico e a autonomia relacional defendida pelos direitos humanos –, procurou-se refletir sobre a situação do paciente idoso, duplamente fragilizado pela idade e pela doença, e cujo exercício da autonomia geralmente não é respeitado pelos profissionais da saúde e pelos familiares. Concluiu-se que o marco teórico mais adequado para caracterizar a autonomia do paciente idoso é o da autonomia relacional, pois só a partir do reconhecimento de sua especial vulnerabilidade e levando-se em conta seus valores, cultura, relacionamentos e contexto social é possível entendê-lo como um todo, integrá-lo ao processo de cuidados e, assim, motivá-lo a participar do tratamento. Os direitos humanos dos pacientes endossam a autonomia relacional e, para assegurar os direitos do paciente idoso, faz-se necessário o estabelecimento de uma rede de proteção social instituída por políticas públicas que tornem o paciente idoso visível e preservem sua dignidade, bem como motivem o exercício e o respeito de sua autonomia nas decisões que envolvam sua saúde

Vulnerability of the elderly patient in light of the principle of patient-centered care

Embora a vulnerabilidade seja uma condição humana universal, existem pessoas com vulnerabilidades específicas, que podem ser agravadas por fatores pessoais, socioeconômicos, culturais, geopolíticos ou ambientais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a especial condição de vulnerabilidade da pessoa idosa à luz do princípio do cuidado centrado no paciente. O estudo toma como base as concepções de vulnerabilidade propostas por Herring - que discute a dupla vulnerabilidade a que estão sujeitos os pacientes idosos no contexto dos cuidados em saúde - e pelo artigo 8º da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco (DUBDH), que trata do “Respeito pela Vulnerabilidade Humana e pela Integridade Individual”. O artigo está estruturado em três partes: a primeira aborda o conceito de vulnerabilidade; a segunda relaciona a vulnerabilidade com o princípio do cuidado centrado no paciente; e a terceira trata da especial condição de vulnerabilidade do paciente idoso, com apresentação e discussão de casos ilustrativos. Conclui-se, por fim, que os pacientes idosos apresentam vulnerabilidade acrescida em razão da fragilidade da rede de proteção social, da assimetria da relação de cuidado e do risco de dano a que estão sujeitos nos cuidados diários em saúde.While vulnerability is a universal human condition, there are people with specific vulnerabilities, which can be aggravated by personal, socioeconomic, cultural, geopolitical or environmental factors. The objective of this article is to analyze the special vulnerability condition of the elderly in light of the principle of patient-centered care. The study is based on the conceptions of vulnerability proposed by Herring - who discusses the dual vulnerability of elderly patients in the context of health care - and by the 8th article of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of Unesco (UDBHR), which deals with “Respect for Human Vulnerability and Individual Integrity”. The paper is structured in three parts: the first one addresses the concept of vulnerability; the second relates vulnerability to the principle of patient-centered care; and the third deals with the special condition of vulnerability of the elderly patient, with presentation and discussion of illustrative cases. It is concluded, at last, that elderly patients present increased vulnerability due to the fragility of their social network of protection, the asymmetry of care relationships and the risk of harm to which they are subjected in daily health care

A autonomia do paciente idoso no contexto dos cuidados em saúde e seu aspecto relacional = Autonomy of the elderly patient in the context of medical health care and its relational aspect

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v19i1p32-4

Vulnerabilidade do paciente idoso à luz do princípio do cuidado centrado no paciente

Resumo Embora a vulnerabilidade seja uma condição humana universal, existem pessoas com vulnerabilidades específicas, que podem ser agravadas por fatores pessoais, socioeconômicos, culturais, geopolíticos ou ambientais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a especial condição de vulnerabilidade da pessoa idosa à luz do princípio do cuidado centrado no paciente. O estudo toma como base as concepções de vulnerabilidade propostas por Herring - que discute a dupla vulnerabilidade a que estão sujeitos os pacientes idosos no contexto dos cuidados em saúde - e pelo artigo 8º da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco (DUBDH), que trata do “Respeito pela Vulnerabilidade Humana e pela Integridade Individual”. O artigo está estruturado em três partes: a primeira aborda o conceito de vulnerabilidade; a segunda relaciona a vulnerabilidade com o princípio do cuidado centrado no paciente; e a terceira trata da especial condição de vulnerabilidade do paciente idoso, com apresentação e discussão de casos ilustrativos. Conclui-se, por fim, que os pacientes idosos apresentam vulnerabilidade acrescida em razão da fragilidade da rede de proteção social, da assimetria da relação de cuidado e do risco de dano a que estão sujeitos nos cuidados diários em saúde

Effect of Intravenous Fluid Treatment with a Balanced Solution vs 0.9% Saline Solution on Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: The BaSICS Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance: Intravenous fluids are used for almost all intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Clinical and laboratory studies have questioned whether specific fluid types result in improved outcomes, including mortality and acute kidney injury. Objective: To determine the effect of a balanced solution vs saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride) on 90-day survival in critically ill patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: Double-blind, factorial, randomized clinical trial conducted at 75 ICUs in Brazil. Patients who were admitted to the ICU with at least 1 risk factor for worse outcomes, who required at least 1 fluid expansion, and who were expected to remain in the ICU for more than 24 hours were randomized between May 29, 2017, and March 2, 2020; follow-up concluded on October 29, 2020. Patients were randomized to 2 different fluid types (a balanced solution vs saline solution reported in this article) and 2 different infusion rates (reported separately). Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive either a balanced solution (n = 5522) or 0.9% saline solution (n = 5530) for all intravenous fluids. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was 90-day survival. Results: Among 11052 patients who were randomized, 10520 (95.2%) were available for the analysis (mean age, 61.1 [SD, 17] years; 44.2% were women). There was no significant interaction between the 2 interventions (fluid type and infusion speed; P =.98). Planned surgical admissions represented 48.4% of all patients. Of all the patients, 60.6% had hypotension or vasopressor use and 44.3% required mechanical ventilation at enrollment. Patients in both groups received a median of 1.5 L of fluid during the first day after enrollment. By day 90, 1381 of 5230 patients (26.4%) assigned to a balanced solution died vs 1439 of 5290 patients (27.2%) assigned to saline solution (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.90-1.05]; P =.47). There were no unexpected treatment-related severe adverse events in either group. Conclusion and Relevance: Among critically ill patients requiring fluid challenges, use of a balanced solution compared with 0.9% saline solution did not significantly reduce 90-day mortality. The findings do not support the use of this balanced solution. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02875873

Attributable mortality due to nosocomial sepsis in Brazilian hospitals: a case–control study

Abstract Background Nosocomial sepsis is a major healthcare issue, but there are few data on estimates of its attributable mortality. We aimed to estimate attributable mortality fraction (AF) due to nosocomial sepsis. Methods Matched 1:1 case–control study in 37 hospitals in Brazil. Hospitalized patients in participating hospitals were included. Cases were hospital non-survivors and controls were hospital survivors, which were matched by admission type and date of discharge. Exposure was defined as occurrence of nosocomial sepsis, defined as antibiotic prescription plus presence of organ dysfunction attributed to sepsis without an alternative reason for organ failure; alternative definitions were explored. Main outcome measurement was nosocomial sepsis-attributable fractions, estimated using inversed-weight probabilities methods using generalized mixed model considering time-dependency of sepsis occurrence. Results 3588 patients from 37 hospitals were included. Mean age was 63 years and 48.8% were female at birth. 470 sepsis episodes occurred in 388 patients (311 in cases and 77 in control group), with pneumonia being the most common source of infection (44.3%). Average AF for sepsis mortality was 0.076 (95% CI 0.068–0.084) for medical admissions; 0.043 (95% CI 0.032–0.055) for elective surgical admissions; and 0.036 (95% CI 0.017–0.055) for emergency surgeries. In a time-dependent analysis, AF for sepsis rose linearly for medical admissions, reaching close to 0.12 on day 28; AF plateaued earlier for other admission types (0.04 for elective surgery and 0.07 for urgent surgery). Alternative sepsis definitions yield different estimates. Conclusion The impact of nosocomial sepsis on outcome is more pronounced in medical admissions and tends to increase over time. The results, however, are sensitive to sepsis definitions