Étude de l’implication de la protéine F du virus de l’hépatite C dans le développement de pathologie hépatique chez deux lignées de poissons zébrés transgéniques

La protéine core du virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) serait responsable des principaux effets pathogènes du VHC, dont le développement de fibrose, stéatose, cirrhose et carcinome hépatocellulaire. Un cadre de lecture alternatif existe dans le gène de core, permettant la synthèse d’une autre protéine appelée ARFP (pour alternatate reading frame protein) ou protéine F (pour frameshift), dont le rôle reste encore mal compris. La présence de la protéine F lors de l’étude des fonctions biologiques de core ne pouvant être exclue, il est possible que certains rôles attribués à core reflètent en réalité l’activité de la protéine F. Afin de déterminer les fonctions biologiques de la protéine F dans les hépatocytes et son influence dans la pathogenèse associée au VHC, nous avons généré des lignées transgéniques de poissons zébrés (Danio rerio) dans lesquelles l’expression de deux versions de la protéine F (AF11opti et AUG26opti) a été ciblée au foie par l’utilisation du promoteur de la liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). Le phénotype des poissons transgéniques de génération F2 a été analysé au niveau morphologique, histologique et microscopique afin de rechercher des signes de pathologie hépatique. Nos résultats ont démontré l’implication de la protéine F dans le développement de stéatose hépatique chez les deux lignées transgéniques, mais aucun signe de fibrose ou d’oncogenèse n’a été détecté. L’identification des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires responsables de l’accumulation lipidique induite par la protéine F pourrait permettre de mieux comprendre son rôle dans la pathogenèse du VHC, et mener au développement de nouvelles stratégies antivirales.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is thought to be responsible for the major pathogenic effects of HCV, including the development of fibrosis, steatosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. An alternate translational open reading frame exists in the core gene that allows the synthesis of another protein called ARFP (alternate reading frame protein) or F protein (frameshift), the role of which remains poorly understood. Since we cannot exclude the presence of F protein in most studies of core biological functions, it is possible that the roles attributed to core reflect the activity of ARFP. To determine the biological functions of F protein in hepatocytes and their influence on HCV-associated pathogenesis, we generated transgenic lines of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in which the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) promoter was used to direct liver-specific expression of two forms of ARFP (AF11opti and AUG26opti). The phenotype of F2 transgenic zebrafish was analyzed for morphological, histological and microscopic signs of liver-associated pathology. Our results demonstrated the implication of the HCV F protein in the development of hepatic steatosis in transgenic zebrafish liver but not fibrosis or oncogenesis. Identification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying F protein-induced lipid accumulation will lead to a better understanding of the role of ARFP in HCV-associated pathology, which could lead to the development of novel antiviral strategies

LILAC pilot study : effects of metformin on mTOR activation and HIV reservoir persistence during antiretroviral therapy

Background: Chronic inflammation and residual HIV transcription persist in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), thus increasing the risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and HIV transcription, and therefore represents an interesting novel therapeutic target. Methods: The LILAC pilot clinical trial, performed on non-diabetic ART-treated PLWH with CD4+ /CD8+ T-cell ratios <0.8, evaluated the effects of metformin (12 weeks oral administration; 500-850 mg twice daily), an indirect mTOR inhibitor, on the dynamics of immunological/virological markers and changes in mTOR activation/phosphorylation in blood collected at Baseline, Week 12, and 12 weeks after metformin discontinuation (Week 24) and sigmoid colon biopsies (SCB) collected at Baseline and Week 12. Findings: CD4+ T-cell counts, CD4+ /CD8+ T-cell ratios, plasma markers of inflammation/gut damage, as well as levels of cell-associated integrated HIV-DNA and HIV-RNA, and transcriptionally-inducible HIV reservoirs, underwent minor variations in the blood in response to metformin. The highest levels of mTOR activation/ phosphorylation were observed in SCB at Baseline. Consistently, metformin significantly decreased CD4+ Tcell infiltration in the colon, as well as mTOR activation/phosphorylation, especially in CD4+ T-cells expressing the Th17 marker CCR6. Also, metformin decreased the HIV-RNA/HIV-DNA ratios, a surrogate marker of viral transcription, in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells of 8/13 participants

Integrated immunovirological profiling validates plasma SARS-CoV-2 RNA as an early predictor of COVID-19 mortality.

peer reviewedDespite advances in COVID-19 management, identifying patients evolving toward death remains challenging. To identify early predictors of mortality within 60 days of symptom onset (DSO), we performed immunovirological assessments on plasma from 279 individuals. On samples collected at DSO11 in a discovery cohort, high severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA (vRNA), low receptor binding domain–specific immunoglobulin G and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and elevated cytokines and tissue injury markers were strongly associated with mortality, including in patients on mechanical ventilation. A three-variable model of vRNA, with predefined adjustment by age and sex, robustly identified patients with fatal outcome (adjusted hazard ratio for log-transformed vRNA = 3.5). This model remained robust in independent validation and confirmation cohorts. Since plasma vRNA’s predictive accuracy was maintained at earlier time points, its quantitation can help us understand disease heterogeneity and identify patients who may benefit from new therapies

Increasing procaspase 8 expression using repurposed drugs to induce HIV infected cell death in ex vivo patient cells.

HIV persists because a reservoir of latently infected CD4 T cells do not express viral proteins and are indistinguishable from uninfected cells. One approach to HIV cure suggests that reactivating HIV will activate cytotoxic pathways; yet when tested in vivo, reactivating cells do not die sufficiently to reduce cell-associated HIV DNA levels. We recently showed that following reactivation from latency, HIV infected cells generate the HIV specific cytotoxic protein Casp8p41 which is produced by HIV protease cleaving procaspase 8. However, cell death is prevented, possibly due to low procaspase 8 expression. Here, we tested whether increasing procaspase 8 levels in CD4 T cells will produce more Casp8p41 following HIV reactivation, causing more reactivated cells to die. Screening 1277 FDA approved drugs identified 168 that increased procaspase 8 expression by at least 1.7-fold. Of these 30 were tested for anti-HIV effects in an acute HIVIIIb infection model, and 9 drugs at physiologic relevant levels significantly reduced cell-associated HIV DNA. Primary CD4 T cells from ART suppressed HIV patients were treated with one of these 9 drugs and reactivated with αCD3/αCD28. Four drugs significantly increased Casp8p41 levels following HIV reactivation, and decreased total cell associated HIV DNA levels (flurbiprofen: p = 0.014; doxycycline: p = 0.044; indomethacin: p = 0.025; bezafibrate: P = 0.018) without effecting the viability of uninfected cells. Thus procaspase 8 levels can be increased pharmacologically and, in the context of HIV reactivation, increase Casp8p41 causing death of reactivating cells and decreased HIV DNA levels. Future studies will be required to define the clinical utility of this or similar approaches

Single-cell characterization and quantification of translation-competent viral reservoirs in treated and untreated HIV infection.

The phenotypic characterization of the cells in which HIV persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains technically challenging. We developed a simple flow cytometry-based assay to quantify and characterize infected cells producing HIV proteins during untreated and treated HIV infection. By combining two antibodies targeting the HIV capsid in a standard intracellular staining protocol, we demonstrate that p24-producing cells can be detected with high specificity and sensitivity in the blood from people living with HIV. In untreated individuals, the frequency of productively infected cells strongly correlated with plasma viral load. Infected cells preferentially displayed a transitional memory phenotype and were enriched in Th17, peripheral Tfh and regulatory T cells subsets. These cells also preferentially expressed activation markers (CD25, HLA-DR, Ki67), immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1, LAG-3, TIGIT, Tim-3) as well as the integrins α4β7 and α4β1. In virally suppressed individuals on ART, p24-producing cells were only detected upon stimulation (median frequency of 4.3 p24+ cells/106 cells). These measures correlated with other assays assessing the size of the persistent reservoir including total and integrated HIV DNA, Tat/rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay (TILDA) and quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). In ART-suppressed individuals, p24-producing cells preferentially displayed a transitional and effector memory phenotype, and expressed immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1, TIGIT) as well as the integrin α4β1. Remarkably, α4β1 was expressed by more than 70% of infected cells both in untreated and ART-suppressed individuals. Altogether, these results highlight a broad diversity in the phenotypes of HIV-infected cells in treated and untreated infection and suggest that strategies targeting multiple and phenotypically distinct cellular reservoirs will be needed to exert a significant impact on the size of the reservoir

Procaspase 8 inducing drugs decrease total HIV DNA <i>ex vivo</i>.

<p><b>A)</b> Primary CD4 cells from 5 HIV infected, virologically suppressed donors, on cART were obtained via leukapheresis and were primed for 72 hours with the indicated drugs, then reactivated with antiCD3/CD28. <b>B)</b> Cell associated HIV DNA was assessed by qPCR and normalized to DMSO treated control in the leukapheresis samples. Depicted are means (SD). <b>C/D/E)</b> 4 drugs—Flurbiprofen, Doxycycline, Indomethacin, and Bezafibrate—were selected to prime freshly obtained CD4 T cells from 10 HIV-infected patients for 72 h. These cells were then reactivated with antiCD3/CD28 and cell associated HIV DNA was assessed by qPCR. <b>C)</b> Principal component analysis of residual HIV DNA across the samples identified Patients 2, 6 and 9 as outliers. <b>D)</b> Hierarchical clustering of the same data confirmed Patients 2, 6 and 9 as outliers. <b>E)</b> Cell associated HIV DNA was compared between the indicated drugs and DMSO control for the remaining 7 treatment responders.</p

Preferential Infection of α4β7+ Memory CD4+ T Cells During Early Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

BACKGROUND: Establishment of persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoirs occurs early in infection, and biomarkers of infected CD4+ T cells during acute infection are poorly defined. CD4+ T cells expressing the gut homing integrin complex α4β7 are associated with HIV-1 acquisition, and are rapidly depleted from the periphery and gastrointestinal mucosa during acute HIV-1 infection. METHODS: Integrated HIV-1 DNA was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from acutely (Fiebig I-III) and chronically infected individuals by sorting memory CD4+ T-cell subsets lacking or expressing high levels of integrin β7 (β7negative and β7high, respectively). HIV-1 DNA was also assessed after 8 months of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiated in Fiebig II/III individuals. Activation marker and chemokine receptor expression was determined for β7-defined subsets at acute infection and in uninfected controls. RESULTS: In Fiebig I, memory CD4+ T cells harboring integrated HIV-1 DNA were rare in both β7high and β7negative subsets, with no significant difference in HIV-1 DNA copies. In Fiebig stages II/III and in chronically infected individuals, β7high cells were enriched in integrated and total HIV-1 DNA compared to β7negative cells. During suppressive cART, integrated HIV-1 DNA copies decreased in both β7negative and β7high subsets, which did not differ in DNA copies. In Fiebig II/III, integrated HIV-1 DNA in β7high cells was correlated with their activation. CONCLUSIONS: β7high memory CD4+ T cells are preferential targets during early HIV-1 infection, which may be due to the increased activation of these cells

Procaspase 8 inducing drugs in acute <i>in vitro</i> HIV infection model.

<p><b>A)</b> Primary uninfected CD4 cells from 3 donors were infected with HIV IIIB and then incubated with procaspase 8 inducing drugs for 48hours with RAL and TDF. ATP, HIV DNA by qPCR <b>(B)</b>, and supernatant P24 <b>(D)</b> were assessed. <b>C)</b> The degree of procaspase 8 expression induction by ELISA was compared between drugs which reduced HIV DNA or did not reduce HIV DNA in panel (B). Depicted are means (SD). E) Pearson correlation coefficient between the change in cell associated HIV DNA and change in supernatant p24 was assessed.</p

Procaspase 8 inducing drugs increase Casp8p41 expression <i>ex vivo</i>.

<p><b>A) 293T cells transfected with HA-Casp8p41 (red) or HA-empty vector (blue) were stained with Casp8p41 mAb. Depicted is an overlay dot plot. B)</b><i>Ex vivo</i> patient cells were primed with control and drugs for 72 hr, then reactivated with antiCD3/CD28, and harvested at time points thereafter (N = 2 per time point). These cells were then stained with Casp8p41 mAb and analyzed by FACS. <b>A)</b> Representative flow data for flurbiprofen and indomethacin treated samples at each time point. <b>B)</b> Area under the curve analysis for percent of CD4 T cells positive for Casp8p41 combining procaspase 8 inducing drugs versus vehicle treated controls. <b>C)</b> AUC analysis of MFI of Casp8p41 positive cells combining procaspase 8 inducing drugs versus vehicle treated controls.</p