VITICULTURE IN SERBIA/ROMANIAN BORDER ZONE

Total length of the Republic of Serbia border is 2351.8 km, from which border zone length between Republic of Serbia and Romania is 546.5 km. According to wine-growing areas zoning in the Republic of Serbia, three wine-growing areas are defined: Central Serbia, Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. Vojvodina area in the border zone include South Banat region with two sub-regions: Vršački and Belocrkvanski, while in Central Serbia area, also in the border zone, there is Mlava Region with three sub-regions: Braničevsko, Požarevačko and Resavsko and region of Negotinska Krajina with four sub-regions: Ključko, Brzopalanačko, Mihajlovačko and Negotinsko. In South Banat region, under vineyards are 1730 ha, of which is 1567 ha under wine and 163 ha under table varieties. This region is characterized with flat landscape dominated by the Vršac Mountains in central part. The dominant soil types are vertisol and chernozem. Grape and wine production is characterized by small family farms with high-intensive plantations. In varietal composition are dominant international and new created white wine varieties such as: Sauvignon blanc, Semyon, Riesling white, Riesling Italien, Chardonay, Kreaca, Muscat otonel, Rkaciteli, Smederevka and Župljanka, and from red wine varieties: Pinot noir, Portugizac and Limberger. In Mlava region under vineyards are 814,7 ha. Dominant are wine varieties. In this region climate is specific under natural borders: Carpathian mountain system and Danube, Mlava and Pek river. This region is characterized with both, traditional and modern grape growing technology. The region of Negotinska Krajina is located in east part of Serbia and cover area of ​​978 ha, from which is 890 ha are under wine and 88 ha under table varieties. Climate conditioned of this region is affected by the Carpathian mountain system and Danube river. Vertisol, eutric cambisol and sandy soils are present in most vineyards. The region of Negotinska Krajina is characterized with traditional grapes production at small family wineries. This region is famouse by autochthonous varieties: Prokupac, Bagrina, Tamjanika crna, Začinak, Smederevka and Plovdina

SERBIAN VITICULTURE FROM THE 19TH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY

In Europe, the period from the 17th to the 19th century was marked by scientific and industrial revolution, better traffic communication, which strongly influenced development of viticulture and wine markets. New varieties are introduced into viticulture, intensive working on hybridization, more intensive cultivation methods are applied with use of horses, distance between plants are changed and more modern stock are used. After liberation from the Ottoman Empire, Serbian viticulture is developing again. With arrangement of the principality and then the Serbian Kingdom, in the overall development of Serbia under the Obrenović family, a significant contribution was made by new vine plantation. Apart from the Danube regions, the areas under vines are located around the Kopaonik mountain, which separates southern Serbia from the Novo-Pazarski sandžak and the wine-growing centers such as Negotin, Požarevac, Smederevo, Kruševac, Niš and Šumadija as a separate region (area about 98,326 ha). However, the development of viticulture in Serbia is stoped by the appearance of phylloxera. The territory of Serbia was affected by phylloxera starting in 1881, and by 1920 it had reached Metohija. In order to restore damaged vineyards, were formed vine nurseries (Smederevo 1882, Bukovo near Negotin 1886, Jagodina 1889, Aleksandrovac, 1891) where began production of rootstock and grafting of European vine varieties. Since then, for the first time, varieties such as Traminac, Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Pinot noir, Gamay were introduced into Serbian viticulture. The beginning of the 20th century was marked by changing of royal dynasties, so after atending to Serbian throne, King Petar I Karađorđević (since 1903) form an endowment estate at Oplenac. King Petar I Karađorđević, and after them King Alexander, intensively participated in plantation of new vineyards, using planting material from nurseries from Smederevo and from France (1925). By 1935, the total area under vineyards amounted to 37.78,31 ha, of which 4/5 were under wine and 1/5 under table varieties. During the 2nd World War, Serbian vineyards was under significant damage due to the lack of conditions to bad cultivation in appropriate ways. After the 2nd World War, viticulture in Serbia had several development stages. The first stage covers the period from 1945 to 1954 and is characterized by an extensive production level. The second stage, from 1954 to 1959, is characterized by vineyard with big inter-row distance of 2–2.5 m and greater mechanization using. The third stage, from 1959 to 1970, is characterized by vineyards with inter-row distance of 2.5 to 4 m. It is the period of intensive vineyards plantating. In the 1970, 106.000 ha belonged to individual sector, and 10.500 ha to the state (goverment) sector. In the 80-is and 90-is of the last century, it is period of the viticulture stagnation with significant reduction of vineyard area. The disintegration of the SFRY, wars that followed, sanctions and international isolation of Serbia and especially NATO bombing affected complete destruction of viticulture as a minor agricultural branch at that time. It is estimated that only about 20,000 ha under vine survived and could be maintained at the beginning of the XXI century. For the last twenty years, have been made efforts to restore Serbian viticulture. With a more modern approach, it started with the selection of clones of varieties mainly for producing of high quality wines. With the formation of smaller and medium-capacity wineries (from 100,000 to 500,000 bottles per year), the situation in viticulture and wine sector has changed significantly through the increase of areas under vines and the improvement of wine quality. Today there are around 360 registered wineries in Serbia

THE STUDY OF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF COMMON GLASSWORT - SALICORNIA EUROPAEA L. SPECIES IN OLTENIA REGION, ROMANIA

The thematic area provided, it is part of Oltenia region of Romania and it is a very important area by point of view geographically, flora  and fauna, landscape, cultural and course economic. The overall objective of this research was to contribute to a better kmowledge of the phytosociology, ecology and distribution of plant community edified by the glasswort - Salicornia europaea L. This species is one of the native halophytic plants of our country that widely spread in salt areas. S. europaea is found around much of the coastline of Europe from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, as well as on the shores of both the Black Sea and Caspian Sea and it is also present sporadically where inland salines occur across Europe. S. europaea has been prescribed in traditional medicines for the treatment of intestinal ailments, nephropathy, and hepatitis in Oriental countries. In addition, S. europaea has recently reported to be effective on the atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. In the analysed phytocoenoses S. europaea was dominant, as the species is finding in this area favourable as the species is finding in this area favourable ecological conditions for an abundance development. This species edified the  following plant communities: Salicornietum europaeae Wendelbg. 1953; Puccinelietum distantis Sóo 1937; Suaedeto-Kochietum hirsutae (Br.-Bl. 1928) Țopa 1939. The plant communities with glasswort have been analyzed and characterized from the chorological, ecological point of views. This plant communities from an area and at the same time their description and analysis from the ecological, chorological, syntaxonomical and syndinamical perspectives presents a great importance from the scientific and practical point of view

Implementation of climate change science in viticulture sustainable development planning in Serbia

Growing interest in Serbia in adaptation of viticulture to climate change emerged from a recorded positive impact of summer increased draught on domestic wine quality. Another motivation is that viticulture has been recognized as one of the fastest developing agricultural sectors in Serbia and, to contain its growing potential, it is crucial to provide basis for its future sustainable development. Prioritization and implementation of adaptation measures in practice require reliable assessment of climate projections. For climate change impact assessment is used high resolution multi-model ensemble of nine regional climate models simulations, bias corrected, with two most probable future scenarios of GHG emissions RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, for the period 2016-2100. Analysis has been done for the near future, mid-century and end of the century periods. The periods are defined according to the IPCC 5th Assessment Report, which enables comparison of climate change impacts with a wider region, and preferably motivate future international collaboration and knowledge exchange

Influence of bunch morphology on quality of wines produced from clones of grape variety Prokupac

Wine quality depends mainly on the characteristics of the grape it is made of, and one of the attributes affecting wine composition is cluster and berry morphology. The aim of this study was to represent variability of the morphological characteristics between different clones of the autochthonous grape variety Prokupac and to perform chemical evaluation of wines obtained from them. Total phenolic content was generally low and it ranged from 33.0 to 114.5 mg GAE/100 mL. Six main anthocyanin compounds including malvidin as the main anthocyanidin were detected. Malvidin 3-O-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin with concentration of 59.8 to 101.7 mu g/mL. Clones 43/5 and 43/4 yielded highest quality wines. According to the results, clonal selection makes a significant difference in Prokupac wine quality. On the other hand, there is a minor dependance of wine quality parameters to variation in morphological attributes of clusters and berries (bunch weight, proportion of stem, berry and seed weight, skin, pulp and seed weight per berry)

Influence of partial defoliation on content of major aromatic and flavonoid complex compounds in grapes and wine

U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja agrobioloških osobina i uticaja defolijacije na sadržaj važnijih jedinjenja aromatskog i flavonoidnog kompleksa grožđa i vina vinskih sorti Kaberne sovinjona i Sovinjona belog. Tretmani defolijacije podrazumevali su varijante sa četiri i osam uklonjena bazalna lista u dva termina berbe: punoj zrelosti i kasnijoj berbi. Poljska istraživanja vršena su u zasadu „Zadužbine Kralja Petra I Karađorđevića“ u Topoli na Oplencu i uključivala su ispitivanje: otpornosti okaca na niske zimske temperature, fenološka osmatranja, vegetativni i rodni potencijal sorti, prinos, mehanički sastav grozda i bobice i kvalitativne parametre grožđanog soka-šire. Ampelografska ispitivanja grožđa i bobica obavljena su u laboratoriji Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedre za vinogradarstvo, fizičko-hemijska analiza uzoraka vina obavljena je u laboratoriji „a.d. Rubin“ u Kruševcu i hemijsko ispitivanje flavonoidnog i aromatskog sastava grožđa i vina obavljeno je u laboratoriji Odeljenja za instrumentalnu analizu pri Katedri za organsku hemiju Hemijskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. Tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja vladali su povoljni agroekološki uslovi za gajenje vinove loze. U periodu ispitivanja 2009/2010 i 2010/2011 obe sorte su najveću otpornost na niske temperature imale u drugom terminu ispitivanja. Fenološkim osmatranjem utvrđeno je da su fenofaze tokom 2010. godine trajala duže u odnosu na 2011. godinu. Veći vegetativni prirast na kondiru i luku zabeležen je na čokotima Kaberne sovinjonu dok je Sovinjon beli imao manji porast lastara. Najveći prinos po čokotu, prinos po okcu, prinos po razvijenom lastaru i prinos po rodnom lastaru zabeležen je u kontroli, a najmanji u tretmanu sa osam uklonjenih listova pri berbi u punoj zrelosti. Za većinu parametara mehaničkog sastava grozda i bobice veća variranja su zabeležena između dva termina berbe pri čemu su pri kasnijoj berbi zabeležene manje vrednosti. Kroz tri tretmana ogleda (kontrola, 4 i 8 uklonjenih bazalnih listova) Doktorska disertacija najvišim vrednostima se isticala kontrola dok su opadajuće vrednosti za većinu parametara beležene sa povećanim brojem uklonjenih listova..

Influence of partial defoliation on content of major aromatic and flavonoid complex compounds in grapes and wine

U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja agrobioloških osobina i uticaja defolijacije na sadržaj važnijih jedinjenja aromatskog i flavonoidnog kompleksa grožđa i vina vinskih sorti Kaberne sovinjona i Sovinjona belog. Tretmani defolijacije podrazumevali su varijante sa četiri i osam uklonjena bazalna lista u dva termina berbe: punoj zrelosti i kasnijoj berbi. Poljska istraživanja vršena su u zasadu „Zadužbine Kralja Petra I Karađorđevića“ u Topoli na Oplencu i uključivala su ispitivanje: otpornosti okaca na niske zimske temperature, fenološka osmatranja, vegetativni i rodni potencijal sorti, prinos, mehanički sastav grozda i bobice i kvalitativne parametre grožđanog soka-šire. Ampelografska ispitivanja grožđa i bobica obavljena su u laboratoriji Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedre za vinogradarstvo, fizičko-hemijska analiza uzoraka vina obavljena je u laboratoriji „a.d. Rubin“ u Kruševcu i hemijsko ispitivanje flavonoidnog i aromatskog sastava grožđa i vina obavljeno je u laboratoriji Odeljenja za instrumentalnu analizu pri Katedri za organsku hemiju Hemijskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. Tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja vladali su povoljni agroekološki uslovi za gajenje vinove loze. U periodu ispitivanja 2009/2010 i 2010/2011 obe sorte su najveću otpornost na niske temperature imale u drugom terminu ispitivanja. Fenološkim osmatranjem utvrđeno je da su fenofaze tokom 2010. godine trajala duže u odnosu na 2011. godinu. Veći vegetativni prirast na kondiru i luku zabeležen je na čokotima Kaberne sovinjonu dok je Sovinjon beli imao manji porast lastara. Najveći prinos po čokotu, prinos po okcu, prinos po razvijenom lastaru i prinos po rodnom lastaru zabeležen je u kontroli, a najmanji u tretmanu sa osam uklonjenih listova pri berbi u punoj zrelosti. Za većinu parametara mehaničkog sastava grozda i bobice veća variranja su zabeležena između dva termina berbe pri čemu su pri kasnijoj berbi zabeležene manje vrednosti. Kroz tri tretmana ogleda (kontrola, 4 i 8 uklonjenih bazalnih listova) Doktorska disertacija najvišim vrednostima se isticala kontrola dok su opadajuće vrednosti za većinu parametara beležene sa povećanim brojem uklonjenih listova..

Uticaj defolijacije na sadržaj važnijih jedinjenja aromatskog i flavonoidnog kompleksa u grožđu i vinu sorti vinove loze

U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja agrobioloških osobina i uticaja defolijacije na sadržaj važnijih jedinjenja aromatskog i flavonoidnog kompleksa grožđa i vina vinskih sorti Kaberne sovinjona i Sovinjona belog. Tretmani defolijacije podrazumevali su varijante sa četiri i osam uklonjena bazalna lista u dva termina berbe: punoj zrelosti i kasnijoj berbi. Poljska istraživanja vršena su u zasadu „Zadužbine Kralja Petra I Karađorđevića“ u Topoli na Oplencu i uključivala su ispitivanje: otpornosti okaca na niske zimske temperature, fenološka osmatranja, vegetativni i rodni potencijal sorti, prinos, mehanički sastav grozda i bobice i kvalitativne parametre grožđanog soka-šire. Ampelografska ispitivanja grožđa i bobica obavljena su u laboratoriji Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedre za vinogradarstvo, fizičko-hemijska analiza uzoraka vina obavljena je u laboratoriji „a.d. Rubin“ u Kruševcu i hemijsko ispitivanje flavonoidnog i aromatskog sastava grožđa i vina obavljeno je u laboratoriji Odeljenja za instrumentalnu analizu pri Katedri za organsku hemiju Hemijskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. Tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja vladali su povoljni agroekološki uslovi za gajenje vinove loze. U periodu ispitivanja 2009/2010 i 2010/2011 obe sorte su najveću otpornost na niske temperature imale u drugom terminu ispitivanja. Fenološkim osmatranjem utvrđeno je da su fenofaze tokom 2010. godine trajala duže u odnosu na 2011. godinu. Veći vegetativni prirast na kondiru i luku zabeležen je na čokotima Kaberne sovinjonu dok je Sovinjon beli imao manji porast lastara. Najveći prinos po čokotu, prinos po okcu, prinos po razvijenom lastaru i prinos po rodnom lastaru zabeležen je u kontroli, a najmanji u tretmanu sa osam uklonjenih listova pri berbi u punoj zrelosti. Za većinu parametara mehaničkog sastava grozda i bobice veća variranja su zabeležena između dva termina berbe pri čemu su pri kasnijoj berbi zabeležene manje vrednosti. Kroz tri tretmana ogleda (kontrola, 4 i 8 uklonjenih bazalnih listova) Doktorska disertacija najvišim vrednostima se isticala kontrola dok su opadajuće vrednosti za većinu parametara beležene sa povećanim brojem uklonjenih listova..

Influence of partial defoliation on content of major aromatic and flavonoid complex compounds in grapes and wine

U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja agrobioloških osobina i uticaja defolijacije na sadržaj važnijih jedinjenja aromatskog i flavonoidnog kompleksa grožđa i vina vinskih sorti Kaberne sovinjona i Sovinjona belog. Tretmani defolijacije podrazumevali su varijante sa četiri i osam uklonjena bazalna lista u dva termina berbe: punoj zrelosti i kasnijoj berbi. Poljska istraživanja vršena su u zasadu „Zadužbine Kralja Petra I Karađorđevića“ u Topoli na Oplencu i uključivala su ispitivanje: otpornosti okaca na niske zimske temperature, fenološka osmatranja, vegetativni i rodni potencijal sorti, prinos, mehanički sastav grozda i bobice i kvalitativne parametre grožđanog soka-šire. Ampelografska ispitivanja grožđa i bobica obavljena su u laboratoriji Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedre za vinogradarstvo, fizičko-hemijska analiza uzoraka vina obavljena je u laboratoriji „a.d. Rubin“ u Kruševcu i hemijsko ispitivanje flavonoidnog i aromatskog sastava grožđa i vina obavljeno je u laboratoriji Odeljenja za instrumentalnu analizu pri Katedri za organsku hemiju Hemijskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. Tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda istraživanja vladali su povoljni agroekološki uslovi za gajenje vinove loze. U periodu ispitivanja 2009/2010 i 2010/2011 obe sorte su najveću otpornost na niske temperature imale u drugom terminu ispitivanja. Fenološkim osmatranjem utvrđeno je da su fenofaze tokom 2010. godine trajala duže u odnosu na 2011. godinu. Veći vegetativni prirast na kondiru i luku zabeležen je na čokotima Kaberne sovinjonu dok je Sovinjon beli imao manji porast lastara. Najveći prinos po čokotu, prinos po okcu, prinos po razvijenom lastaru i prinos po rodnom lastaru zabeležen je u kontroli, a najmanji u tretmanu sa osam uklonjenih listova pri berbi u punoj zrelosti. Za većinu parametara mehaničkog sastava grozda i bobice veća variranja su zabeležena između dva termina berbe pri čemu su pri kasnijoj berbi zabeležene manje vrednosti. Kroz tri tretmana ogleda (kontrola, 4 i 8 uklonjenih bazalnih listova) Doktorska disertacija najvišim vrednostima se isticala kontrola dok su opadajuće vrednosti za većinu parametara beležene sa povećanim brojem uklonjenih listova..

Rootstocks Influence on Leaf Surface and Vegetative Potential of 'Prokupac' Grape Cultivar

Research was conducted at the experimental field on the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade. The research subject was Serbian autochthonous black wine cultivar 'Prokupac', grafted on three different rootstocks: Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB, Berlandieri x Riparia SO4 and Sasla x Berlandieri 41B. The research showed that rootstock 41B had the greatest impact on leaf area increase (212.43 cm(2)) and K 5BB the lowest (192.02 cm(2)). During the several research years on the total shoots length rootstock K 5BB had the greatest influence (181.5 cm), while the other two rootstocks showed smaller total shoot increase of 172.8 cm (K 5BB) and 164.1 cm (SO4). Percent of ripe part on the shoot in the research period (1994-2000) was higher on rootstock 41 B (89.6%) compared to rootstocks K 5BB (86.5%) and SO4 (87.3%). On the same rootstock in the research period slight increase in shoots length was found during the growing compared to the other two rootstocks (182.6 to 217.0 cm). The highest weight of pruned shoot per vine was observed on the rootstock K 5BB (430.33 g), after that on rootstock 41B (370.23 g) and the lowest on the rootstock SO4 (329.16 g) which is rated as statistically significant