Pemanfaatan Ncb Dan Cbtl Oleh Produsen Elektroteknika Di Indonesia

Since 2005 BSN represent Indonesia as a member body in the IECEE. Up to now, Indonesia has 3 NCB and 4 CBTL which has received recognition to operate within the IECEE CB Scheme, however the potential for NCB and CBTL is not used optimally by the electrical engineering product manufacturer located in Indonesia. Based on the statistical data of CB Test Certificate (CBTC), until 2012, there are only 4 certificates issued by the NCB in Indonesia (Teguh et al, 2014). The aim of the research was to determine the characteristics of the producers that act as significant factors affecting the utilization of National NCB and CBTL. Hypothesis of this study is the character that affect the utilization were: (1) "Capital" for the status of foreign / domestic investment, (2) "Knowledge" for producers' knowledge to availability of NCB and CBTL in Indonesia, (3) "awareness" for awareness of the company to benefits if NCB and CBTL available in Indonesia, (4) "suitability" for NCB and CBTL scope suitability compared to producers' products, and (5) "Determinant" for party who deciding the election NCB and CBTL. This study used descriptive quantitative method, direct interviews with respondents, multiple regression analysis and correlation. Respondents were selected based on following criterias: (1) listed in CBTC statistical data, (2) located in Indonesia, and (3) product manufacturers have the same scope with the scope of the national NCB (HOUS, LITE, INST and BATT), expanded with TRON and OFF that the statistics dominate the CBTC in Indonesia and the world. 28 respondents were obtained, with 95% of confidence level for representing it population. Conclusion of the research was the five factors tested contribute strongly to the selection of NCB and CBTL by 78.2%, with positive correlation. Three factors with significance <0.15 were "determinant", "suitability", and "knowledge"

Wages in high-tech start-ups - do academic spin-offs pay a wage premium?

Due to their origin from universities, academic spin‐offs operate at the forefront of the technological development. Therefore, spin‐offs exhibit a skill‐biased labour demand, i.e. spin‐offs have a high demand for employees with cutting edge knowledge and technical skills. In order to accommodate this demand, spin‐offs may have to pay a relative wage premium compared to other high‐tech start‐ups. However, neither a comprehensive theoretical assessment nor the empirical literature on wages in start‐ups unambiguously predicts the existence and the direction of wage differentials between spin‐offs and non‐spin‐offs. This paper addresses this research gap and examines empirically whether or not spin‐offs pay their employees a wage premium. Using a unique linked employer‐employee data set of German high‐tech start‐ups, we estimate Mincer‐type wage regressions applying the Hausman‐Taylor panel estimator. Our results show that spin‐offs do not pay a wage premium in general. However, a notable exception from this general result is that spin‐offs that commercialise new scientific results or methods provide higher wages to employees with linkages to the university sector – either as university graduates or as student workers

A spill over effect of entrepreneurial orientation on technological innovativeness:an outlook of universities and research based spin offs

partially_open5siBy shifting towards Romer’s (Am Econ Rev 94:1002–1037, 1986) economy and so the spread of knowledge economy, universities started to adopt a collaborative approach with their entrepreneurial ecosystem. They turn out to be risk taker, autonomous, proactive, competitive, and innovative. In a nutshell, they are entrepreneurial oriented with the aim to generate new innovative ventures, known as research-based spin offs. Doubly, this has induced an improvement of technology transfer and the degree of entrepreneurship in the current knowledge economy. However there still is a paucity of studies on the spill over effect of entrepreneurial orientated universities and research-based spin off on technology transfer need to be more explored. Therefore, the article investigates the link between entrepreneurial orientation and such spill overs by offering an outlook of two universities and two research-based spin offs in the United Kingdom. The scope is to provide a deep view of technological innovativeness in a research context, entrepreneurial oriented. Our research suggests that entrepreneurial attitude has become an imperative to succeed in the context where British institutions currently operate. Entrepreneurship brings the necessary technological innovation to the university and its students, which results in better positioning of the university at national and international levels, with the subsequent impact on their ability to attract not only new students and academics but also funding to conduct their research.openScuotto, Veronica; Del Giudice, Manlio; Garcia-Perez, Alexeis; Orlando, Beatrice; Ciampi, FrancescoScuotto, Veronica; Del Giudice, Manlio; Garcia-Perez, Alexeis; Orlando, Beatrice; Ciampi, Francesc

Alliances and the innovation performance of corporate and public research spin-off firms

We explore the innovation performance benefits of alliances for spin-off firms, in particular spin-offs either from other firms or from public research organizations. During the early years of the emerging combinatorial chemistry industry, the industry on which our empirical analysis focuses, spin-offs engaged in alliances with large and established partners, partners of similar type and size, and with public research organizations, often for different reasons. We seek to understand to what extent alliances of spin-offs with other firms (either large- or small- and medium-sized firms) affected their innovation performance and also how this performance may have been affected by their corporate or public research background. We find evidence that in general alliances of spin-offs with other firms, in particular alliances with large firms, increased their innovation performance. Corporate spin-offs that formed alliances with other firms outperformed public research spin-offs with such alliances. This suggests that, in terms of their innovation performance, corporate spin-offs that engaged in alliances with other firms seemed to have benefitted from their prior corporate background. Interestingly, it turns out that the negative impact of alliances on the innovation performance of public research spin-offs was largely affected by their alliances with small- and medium-sized firms