Environmental Performance of the Stormpav Permeable Pavement Using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM)

Urban stormwater runoff is contaminated with a variety of pollutants, including total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP), as a result of non-source pollution from transportation, residences, and businesses, as well as sediment from human activities and construction sites. These pollutants are expected to degrade the water quality in local rivers and streams, impairing the quality of marine life and contaminating drinking water supplies. This study evaluates the environmental performance of a permeable pavement system in an urban catchment using the stormwater management model (SWMM). Two pavement systems with different hydraulic designs were compared to reduce runoff, increment of groundwater storage and the environmental parameters assessments on total suspended solids (TSS) and Total Phosphorus (TP). The first system comprises a StormPav, which is the UNIMAS innovated green pavement with subsurface hollow cylindrical micro-detention pond storage of about 70% void content. The second system consists of porous concrete (PC) pavement assembled in a layered of coarse and fine particles to ensure water can infiltrate through, with about 40% void content. The environmental impact assessment was applied at Padungan Commercial Centre in the Kuching City of Malaysia. The case study simulated  low impact development (LID) sub-catchment in SWMM to obtain the runoff, infiltration and environmental quality performance. In the assessment, it was found that, for both pavement systems, higher storms at shorter duration resulted in higher reduction efficiency. The StormPav is more effective in reducing runoff while presenting a lower value for environmental assessments in removing TSS and TP compared to PC

Environmental Performance of the Stormpav Permeable Pavement Using the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM)

Urban stormwater runoff is contaminated with a variety of pollutants, including total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP), as a result of non-source pollution from transportation, residences, and businesses, as well as sediment from human activities and construction sites. These pollutants are expected to degrade the water quality in local rivers and streams, impairing the quality of marine life and contaminating drinking water supplies. This study evaluates the environmental performance of a permeable pavement system in an urban catchment using the stormwater management model (SWMM). Two pavement systems with different hydraulic designs were compared to reduce runoff, increment of groundwater storage and the environmental parameters assessments on total suspended solids (TSS) and Total Phosphorus (TP). The first system comprises a StormPav, which is the UNIMAS innovated green pavement with subsurface hollow cylindrical micro-detention pond storage of about 70% void content. The second system consists of porous concrete (PC) pavement assembled in a layered of coarse and fine particles to ensure water can infiltrate through, with about 40% void content. The environmental impact assessment was applied at Padungan Commercial Centre in the Kuching City of Malaysia. The case study simulated  low impact development (LID) sub-catchment in SWMM to obtain the runoff, infiltration and environmental quality performance. In the assessment, it was found that, for both pavement systems, higher storms at shorter duration resulted in higher reduction efficiency. The StormPav is more effective in reducing runoff while presenting a lower value for environmental assessments in removing TSS and TP compared to PC

Management of Various Sources of Hazardous Waste

The generation of hazardous waste has escalated as a result of industrialization to meet the ever-growing demand due to rapid development and population growth. The development of new industries, agricultural practices, and processing techniques can produce emerging hazardous wastes that might not be listed in the environmental regulations. Both increasing generation rate and the nature of hazardous wastes are among the major influences shaping the management of hazardous waste, from the formulation of environmental regulations to the implementation of waste management options. A key to effective hazardous waste management at the source is the competency to identify and characterize hazardous waste upon a generation to facilitate the proper handling, treatment, and disposal of the hazardous waste with reference to the relevant regulations. The USEPA, under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), simplified waste determination by classifying industrial wastes into codes of F, K, P, and U based on the characteristics, sources, industrial processes, or generation rate of the hazardous waste. In Malaysia, hazardous wastes are enlisted as scheduled wastes under the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, categorized based on the general characteristics and content of wastes. The waste management hierarchy is a typical principle for formulating a hazardous waste management system and facilitating the selection of waste management options based on the waste policy and programs by the government and industry. The approaches and implementation in several countries on hazardous waste management, including from agricultural sources, are discussed in this chapter

Efficiency of aerobic granulation technology in treating high strength soy sauce wastewater

The present study investigated the efficiency of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology in treating effluent from soy sauce industry which is categorized as a high strength wastewater. The combination of anaerobic and aerobic granulation technology in SBR system was used in this study which was efficiently treated COD from the soy sauce wastewater where 87% of removal was achieved. Ammonia and colour was removed at a maximum of 87 and 76%, respectively, in the SBR system. Matured, dense and compact granules with 2.5 mm in diameters were developed with a good settling velocity (45 m/h) and 28 mL/gSS of sludge volume index (SVI). Hence, AGS technology was proven as an excellent treatment for soy sauce wastewater for being discharge into the environment, as the effluent was treated in one biological reactor with high hydraulic and organic loadings besides less production of sludge. In this study, the capabilities of AGS technology in treating relatively higher concentration of organic impurities present in the soy sauce wastewater were demonstrated

Efficiency of aerobic granulation technology in treating high strength soy sauce wastewater

The present study investigated the efficiency of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology in treating effluent from soy sauce industry which is categorized as a high strength wastewater. The combination of anaerobic and aerobic granulation technology in SBR system was used in this study which was efficiently treated COD from the soy sauce wastewater where 87% of removal was achieved. Ammonia and colour was removed at a maximum of 87 and 76%, respectively, in the SBR system. Matured, dense and compact granules with 2.5 mm in diameters were developed with a good settling velocity (45 m/h) and 28 mL/gSS of sludge volume index (SVI). Hence, AGS technology was proven as an excellent treatment for soy sauce wastewater for being discharge into the environment, as the effluent was treated in one biological reactor with high hydraulic and organic loadings besides less production of sludge. In this study, the capabilities of AGS technology in treating relatively higher concentration of organic impurities present in the soy sauce wastewater were demonstrate

Performance of aerobic granular sludge at variable circulation rate in anaerobic–aerobic conditions

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been applied to treat a broad range of industrial and municipal wastewater. AGS can be developed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with alternating anaerobic– aerobic conditions. To provide anaerobic conditions, the mixed liquor is allowed to circulate in the reactor without air supply. The circulation flow rate of mixed liquor in anaerobic condition is the most important parameter of operation in the anaerobic-AGS processes. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of circulation rate on the performance of the SBR with AGS. Two identical reactors namely R1 and R2 were operated using fermented soy sauce wastewater at circulation rate of 14.4 and 36.0 l/h, respectively. During the anaerobic conditions, the wastewater was pumped out from the upper part of the reactor and circulated back into the bottom of the reactor for 230 min. A compact and dense AGS was observed in both reactors with a similar diameter of 2.0 mm in average, although different circulation rates were adopted. The best reactor performance was achieved in R2 with chemical oxygen demand removal rate of 89%, 90% total phosphorus removal, 79% ammonia removal, 10.1 g/l of mixed liquor suspended solids and a sludge volume index of 25 ml/g

Livestock wastewater treatment using aerobic granular sludge

The present study demonstrated that aerobic granular sludge is capable of treating livestock wastewater from a cattle farm in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) without the presence of support material. A lab scale SBR was operated for 80 d using 4 h cycle time with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 9 kg COD m3 - d1 . Results showed that the aerobic granules were growing from 0.1 to 4.1 mm towards the end of the experimental period. The sludge volume index (SVI) was 42 ml g1 while the biomass concentration in the reactor grew up to 10.3 g L1 represent excellent biomass separation and good settling ability of the granules. During this period, maximum COD, TN and TP removal efficiencies (74%, 73% and 70%, respectively) were observed in the SBR system, confirming high microbial activity in the SBR system

Performance of aerobic granular sludge in treating soy sauce wastewater at different hydraulic retention time

Aerobic granular sludge had shown its capability in treating soy sauce wastewater, but its reactor performance, granules properties and biokinetics in different hydraulic retention times (HRT) is still unknown. To ensure the reactor is performed in optimum condition, a judicially selection of HRT is important. The study was conducted in a high and slender column operated according to a sequential batch reactor (SBR) with a sequence of aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic reaction phases. Three different HRTs (8, 16, 24 h) and different anaerobic and aerobic reaction time were evaluated. In the study demonstrated the increase in HRT could reduce the organic loading rate (OLR) as well as biomass yield (Yobs, Y), endogenous decay rate (kd) and overall specific biomass growth rate (µoverall). It was observed a slight increase in the mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) and the granules mean size as the OLR decreased. Meanwhile, in the lowest HRT reactor, a narrow diameter range of aerobic granule from 3 to 100 µm was observed due to the development of small and dense granules. The HRT of 24h with aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic reaction time of 3.88 and 7.77h respectively is the SBR’s best performances due to the improvement of the aerobic granular physical propertie

Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge for rubber wastewater treatment

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was successfully cultivated at 27 ± 1 C and pH 7.0 ± 1 during the treatment of rubber wastewater using a sequential batch reactor system mode with complete cycle time of 3 h. Results showed aerobic granular sludge had an excellent settling ability and exhibited exceptional performance in the organics and nutrients removal from rubber wastewater. Regular, dense and fast settling granule (average diameter, 1.5 mm; settling velocity, 33 m h1 ; and sludge volume index, 22.3 mL g1 ) were developed in a single reactor. In addition, 96.5% COD removal efficiency was observed in the system at the end of the granulation period, while its ammonia and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were up to 94.7% and 89.4%, respectively. The study demonstrated the capabilities of AGS development in a single, high and slender column type-bioreactor for the treatment of rubber wastewate