Hasnida, Harun

Inawati, Othman

Noor Hasyimah, Rosman

Unimas Institutional Repository

Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment: Aerobic Granular Sludge TechnologyNoor Hasyimah Rosman Inawati Othman Hasnida HarunPenerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysiabangi • 2022http://ukmpress.ukm.myCetakan Pertama / First Printing, 2022 Hak Cipta / Copyright Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2022Hak cipta terpelihara. Tiada bahagian daripada terbitan ini boleh diterbitkan semula, disimpan untuk pengeluaran atau ditukarkan ke dalam sebarang bentuk atau dengan sebarang alat juga pun, sama ada dengan cara elektronik, gambar serta rakaman dan sebagainya tanpa kebenaran bertulis daripada Penerbit UKM terlebih dahulu.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission                     in writing from Penerbit UKM.Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by                                                   PENERBIT UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA                                                                       43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MALAYSIA                                                                 http://ukmpress.ukm.my e-mel: penerbit@ukm.edu.myPenerbit UKM adalah anggota / is a member of the                                                                                           MAJLIS PENERBITAN ILMIAH MALAYSIA /                                                            MALAYSIAN SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING COUNCIL                                                                              PERSATUAN PENERBIT BUKU MALAYSIA /                                                                 MALAYSIAN BOOK PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION                                                                          No. Ahli / Membership No. 198302Atur huruf oleh / Typeset by                                                                                                 PENERBIT UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA                                                                    43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MALAYSIADicetak di Malaysia oleh / Printed in Malaysia by                                                                   PEWARIS GEMILANG SDN. BHD No. 27G, Jalan Putra 8, Taman Kajang Putra,43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MALAYSIA.Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia                  Data Pengkatalogan-dalam-Penerbitan /                                                                                      Cataloguing-in-Publication DataContents  List of Tables & Figures … 7  List of Abbreviations … 13  List of Symbols … 15  Preface … 17CHAPTER 1  Malaysia’s Economy of Rubber Industry … 19CHAPTER 2  Rubber Industry Leads to Revenue Earners                      and Agro-based Sector … 24CHAPTER 3  Granulation Technology … 35CHAPTER 4  Advancement, Production and Process   of Aerobic Granular Sludge … 64CHAPTER 5  Treatment of Rubber Processing Wastewater                          Using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) … 86CHAPTER 6	 	 Effect	of	Cycle	Time	on	Characteristics																																				  and Performance of Aerobic Granules … 106CHAPTER 7  Challenge and Future Perspective … 154  Appendices … 159  References … 179  Index … 219      List of Tables & Figures TABLE 2.1  Published data on characteristics of natural rubber processing wastewater … 29TABLE 2.2  Elemental and metal concentrations in rubber processing	effluent	… 30TABLE 2.3  The performance of various studies for rubber processing wastewater treatment … 32TABLE 3.1  Nutrient removal treatment using aerobic granular sludge … 55TABLE 3.2  List of bacteria found in aerobic granules from various studies … 56TABLE 3.3  Studies of aerobic granular sludge formation for various types of industrial wastewater … 58TABLE 4.1  Outcomes of characterization of wastewater from rubber processing factory … 65TABLE 5.1  Operating parameters in a SBR system … 91TABLE 5.2  Operating parameters of SBR system for formation of aerobic granular sludge … 94TABLE 5.3  Detailed operational conditions of the reactor system … 95TABLE 6.1  Physical characteristics of aerobic granular sludge at different	cycle	times	… 114TABLE 6.2  Domain distribution of seed sludge and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) … 128TABLE 6.3		 Top	 15	 of	 the	 identified	 bacteria	 species	 from	 seed	sludge and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) … 1388 / Wastewater Treatment: Aerobic Granular Sludge TechnologyTABLE 6.4  EPS producing bacteria involved in granulation process	 identified	 from	 the	 seed	 sludge	 (SS)	 and	aerobic granular sludge (AGS) … 141TABLE 6.5		 Potential	 bacteria	 for	 biodegradation	 process	 identified	from the seed sludge (SS) and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) … 143TABLE 6.6  Content and composition of extracted sludge EPS at different	cycle	times	… 146TABLE 6.7  Fluorescence spectral parameters of the sludge EPS specimen (seed sludge and AGS: aerobic granular sludge) at various cycle times … 152FIGURE 2.1  Flow diagram of crumb rubber processing   … 26FIGURE 3.1  Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) design principles … 38FIGURE 3.2  Proposed mechanism of aerobic granulation in SBR … 39FIGURE 3.3  Schematic illustration of layered structure of aerobic granular sludge   … 52FIGURE 4.1  Microscopic images of peripheral morphology during the development of aerobic granular sludge. Photos were	 taken	 using	 stereo	 microscope	 (magnification:	6.7×). The images show (a) Seed sludge, (b) Sludge flocs	 formed	 after	 three	 weeks,	 (c)	 Small	 brown	granules appeared after seven weeks and (d) Mature granules after twelve weeks of operation. Aerobic granular sludge formed at the end of the experiment possessed a non-uniform spherical shape and compact structure  (Scale bar equals 1 mm) … 68List of Tables & Figures / 9FIGURE 4.2  Variation of biomass concentrations in SBR for 90	 days.	 (●)	 MLSS	 concentration;	 (□)	 MLVSS	concentration … 70FIGURE 4.3  Variation of sludge volume index in SBR and settling velocity of granules from the start-up period till the end	 of	 the	 experiment.	 (♦)	 SVI;	 (□)	 Settling	velocity … 72FIGURE 4.4  SEM analyses of the outer morphology of (a) seed sludge with a comparatively feathery structure at a	 magnification	 of	 100×	 and	 (b)	 aerobic	 granular	sludge surface with dense microbial composition at a magnification	of	25×	… 74FIGURE 4.5  SEM examinations of cocci-shaped bacteria linked to one another on aerobic granular sludge surface (Magnification:	10,000×)	… 75FIGURE 4.6  Scanning electron micrograph of aerobic granular sludge developed using rubber processing wastewater indicating clusters of cocci colonies called staphylococci	 on	 granule	 surface	 (Magnification:	5000×) … 76FIGURE 4.7  The surface of the granule is layered with some glue-like substances that keep the bacteria to link one	another	(Magnification:	25,000×)	… 78FIGURE 4.8  (a) Multiple cavities that appear on granule surface (Magnification:	 5000×)	 and	 (b)	 Cavity	 found	 on	aerobic granular sludge developed using rubber processing wastewater resembling a channel-like structure	(Magnification:	2500×)	… 7910 / Wastewater Treatment: Aerobic Granular Sludge TechnologyFIGURE 4.9		 Profile	 of	 COD	 removal	 performances	 in	 the	 SBR	system	 within	 96	 days.	 (●)	 Influent	 concentration;	 (○)	effluent	concentration;	(∆)	percentage	removal	… 81FIGURE 4.10		 Profile	 of	 TN	 removal	 performances	 in	 the	 SBR	system	 within	 96	 days.	 (●)	 Influent	 concentration;	(○)	 effluent	 concentration;	 (∆)	 percentage	removal … 83FIGURE 4.11		 Profile	 of	 TP	 removal	 performances	 in	 the	 SBR	system	 within	 96	 days.	 (●)	 Influent	 concentration;	 (○)	effluent	concentration;	(∆)	percentage	removal	… 84FIGURE 5.1  Inquiry frameworks of the study … 87FIGURE 5.2  The SBR used for aerobic granular sludge development using rubber processing wastewater … 89FIGURE 5.3  A schematic representation diagram of the SBR set-up … 90FIGURE 5.4  Raw rubber processing wastewater specimen from the settling compartment … 92FIGURE 5.5  Pictures taken during the seed sludge sampling: (a) Signboard of domestic wastewater treatment plant – Taman Angkasa, JKI039, (b) A fresh activated sludge taken from an aeration tank … 93FIGURE 6.1		 Profile	 of	 biomass	 concentrations	 at	 different	 cycle	times … 108FIGURE 6.2  Images analysis of aerobic granular sludge cultivated in SBR run at the cycle times of 3 (a), 6 (b) and 12 (c)	 hours.	 (Magnification:	 6.7×;	 scale	 bar:	1 mm) … 112List of Tables & Figures / 11FIGURE 6.3  Bacteria morphology on the granules surface examined by SEM from (a) 3 h cycle time at a magnification	 of	 10,000×,	 (b)	 6	 and	 (c)	 12	 h	 cycle	times	 at	 a	 magnification	 of	 25,000×,	 after	 96	 days	operation … 118FIGURE 6.4  Particle size histogram of the aerobic granules from three	 different	 cycle	 times	 (3,	 6	 and	 12	 h),	 at	 the	end of the operation … 120FIGURE 6.5  COD removal performances in the aerobic granular sludge	reactor	at	different	cycle	times	… 121FIGURE 6.6  TN removal performances in the aerobic granular sludge	reactor	at	different	cycle	times	… 123FIGURE 6.7  TP removal performances in the aerobic granular sludge	reactor	at	different	cycle	times	… 124FIGURE 6.8  Percentage distribution of microbial in seed sludge and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) … 128FIGURE 6.9		 Classification	 of	 top	 20	 bacterial	 taxonomic	 at	phylum level of seed sludge and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) … 133FIGURE 6.10  Distribution of Proteobacteria at class level in (a) seed sludge and (b) aerobic granular sludge … 135FIGURE 6.11  Ratio of protein to polysaccharide content of aerobic granules	 from	 the	 three	 different	 cycle	 times	 with	inoculums sludge is presented for comparison … 148FIGURE 6.12		 EEM	 fluorescence	 spectra	 of	 (a)	 LB-EPS	 of	 seed	sludge, (b) TB-EPS of seed sludge, (c) LB-EPS of aerobic granular sludge from 3 h cycle time, (d) TB-EPS of aerobic granular sludge from 3 h cycle time, (e) LB-EPS of aerobic granular sludge from 6 h cycle time, (f) TB-EPS of aerobic granular sludge from 6 h cycle time, (g) LB-EPS of aerobic granular sludge from 12 h cycle time and (h) TB-EPS of aerobic granular sludge from 12 h cycle time … 151AGS  Aerobic granular sludgeAN  Ammoniacal nitrogenAnSBR  Anaerobic sequencing batch reactorAOB  Ammonia oxidizing bacteriaAPHA  American Public Health AssociationBAS  Batch activated sludgeBOD  Biochemical oxygen demandCLSM  Confocal laser scanning microscopyCOD  Chemical oxygen demandDGGE  Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresisDNA  Deoxyribonucleic acidDO  Dissolved oxygenEGSB  Expanded granular sludge bedEM  Effective	microorganismEPS  Extracellular polymeric substancesEQA  Environmental Quality ActFESEM  Field emission scanning electron microscopeFISH  Fluorescence in situ hybridizationGAO  Glycogen accumulating organismHRT  Hydraulic retention timeIC  Integrity	coefficientLB-EPS  Loosely bound EPSMG-RAST  Meta genome rapid annotation using   subsystem technologyMLSS  Mixed liquor suspended solidsMLVSS  Mixed liquor volatile suspended solidOLR  Organic loading rateORP  Oxidation-reduction potentialPAH  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPAO  Phosphate accumulating organismPHA  Poly-β-hydroxyalcanoatesPHB  Poly-3-hydroxybutyratePLC  Programmable logic controllerList of Abbreviation 14 / Wastewater Treatment: Aerobic Granular Sludge TechnologyPN  ProteinPS  PolysaccharideRG  Residual granulesRNA  Ribonucleic acidRRIM  Rubber Research Institute MalaysiaSBR  Sequencing batch reactorSEM  Scanning electron microscopySG  Settled granulesSMA  Specific	methanogen	activitySMR  Standard Malaysian RubberSRT  Solids / Sludge retention timeSS  Suspended solidsSVI  Sludge volume indexTB-EPS  Tightly bound EPSTDS  Total dissolved solidTGGE  Temperature gradient gel electrophoresisTKN  Total Kjeldahl nitrogenTN  Total nitrogenTP  Total phosphorusTS  Total solidTSS  Total suspended solidsUAFP  Upflow	anaerobic	filter	processUASB  Upflow	anaerobic	sludge	blanketUTM  Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaUV  UltravioletVER  Volumetric exchange ratioVFA  Volatile fatty acidVSS  Volatile suspended solidWWTPs  Wastewater treatment plants16s	rRNA  16 sequencing ribosomal ribonucleic acid3D-EEM	 	 Three-dimensional excitation-emissionList of Symbols Al3+ aluminiumCa2+ calciumdp diameter of a particleFe (II) ferumH/D column height to diameter ratioHOCl hypochlorous acidH2 hydrogenM biomass concentrationMw molecular weightMg2+ magnesiumNaHCO3 sodium bicarbonateN/COD nitrogen and organic ratioNH3-N ammonia nitrogenNH4+-N ammoniumN-NO2- nitriteN-NO3- nitrateNa+ natrium / sodiumN2 nitrogen gasNC number of cycles per dayO2 oxygenP phosphorusP/COD phosphorus to chemical oxygen demand ratioP-PO43- phosphateQe	 effluent	flow	rateQI	 influent	flow	rateSO42- sulfateSS0 total amount of granular sludgeSSt amount of sludge solids in supernatant after t min tA aerobic timetC cycle timetD decant timetF	 filling	timetI idle time16 / Wastewater Treatment: Aerobic Granular Sludge TechnologytR reaction timetS settling timeVd manually discharge mixture volumeVe	 effluent	volume	of	the	SBR	operating	cycle	VF	 filled	volumeVMIN minimum volumeVr working volume of reactorVs settling velocity of a particleVT total volumeXd biomass concentration of manually discharged Xe mixed liquor volatile suspended solid in effluent	Xr mixed liquor volatile suspended solid in reactor Xvss volatile solid concentration in reactorμ viscosity of a solutionρp density of a particleρ density of a solutionθ solid retention timePrefacePraise Be To Allah S.W.T, the Lord of the WorldThank to Almighty Allah (S.W.T) for blessings that have been showered on me to reach this level of knowledge in life and also giving me the strength and patience to come up with this book. The writing of this book is an adaptation from a Doctor of Philosophy level thesis entitled “BIOGRANULAR SLUDGE FOR RUBBER PROCESSING WASTEWATER IN A SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR”. This book explores in detail the theoretical facts on the performances of aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor system for rubber processing wastewater. The contents of this book are very suitable for environmental engineering students and researchers. Hopefully with the sharing of this knowledge opens the eyes of readers about the potential of aerobic granulation as a green technology in treating agro-based industrial wastewater.With this opportunity, we would also like to thank our dear family members for their endless support and encouragement in completing this book. Our success is directly attributed by their understanding and patience. Not to forget to all the laboratory personnel	 and	 all	 staff	 in	 Universiti	 Teknologi	 Malaysia	 (UTM)	 for	their precious cooperation and supports. Many thanks to UTM for providing facilities to conduct this exploration. The highest appreciation goes to Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment (FKAB), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) who have supported us since the process of writing this book through Halim Razali Strategic Theory (HRST) Professional Expert until the publication of this book. Our gratitude also goes to the UKM Fund of Dana Penerbitan Buku (DPB-2022-031) and Geran Galakan Penyelidik Muda (GGPM-2021-007) which have contributed	 a	 lot	 financially	 throughout	 period	 of	 exploration	as	well as the publication of this book.Noor Hasyimah Rosman Inawati Othman Hasnida Harun

Wastewater Treatment : Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology

http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/41019/1/Wastewater%20Treatment.pdf

Wastewater Treatment : Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology

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