12 research outputs found
Apparent Alkyl Transfer and Phenazine Formation via an Aryne Intermediate
Treatment of chlorotriaryl derivatives 3a and 3d or fluorotriaryl derivatives 3b and 3e with potassium diisopropylamide afforded alkyl-shifted phenazine derivatives 5a/5b, rather than the expected 9-membered triazaorthocyclophane 2a. The phenazine derivatives were isolated in 78–98% yield depending on the halogen and alkyl group present. In the absence of the halogen (chloro or fluoro), the apparent alkyl shift proceeds more slowly and cannot proceed via the intermediacy of the aryne intermediate. Mechanistic possibilities include intramolecular nucleophilic attack on an aryne intermediate leading to a zwitterionic intermediate and alkyl transfer via a 5-endo-tet process, or via a Smiles rearrangement
Elemente und Erfolgschancen eines Prozesses zur staerkeren Ausrichtung des Instrumentariums der bilateralen deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit auf die Foerderung von Selbsthilfe und die Erreichung armer Zielgruppen in der Dritten Welt Schlussbericht der entwicklungspolitischen Arbeitseinheit 'Armutsbekaempfung durch Selbsthilfe' (ES 31) ueber die 2. Arbeitsphase (Oktober 1984 - April 1986)
SIGLEBibliothek Weltwirtschaft Kiel C 146851 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman
Ansaetze zur Armutsbekaempfung durch Selbsthilfe und durch zielgruppengerechte Finanzierungsinstrumente Schlussbericht der Arbeitseinheit S24, Entwicklungspolitische Sonderaufgaben
Bibliothek Weltwirtschaft Kiel ... / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman
Coping with shrinkage in Europe's cities and towns
An increasing number of cities and towns in Europe are facing population decline. In this article we focus on the challenges of this urban shrinkage process from a policy perspective. After a short review of the main causes and consequences of urban shrinkage in Europe, two common public policy responses are identified and evaluated: counteracting shrinkage and accepting shrinkage. Arguing that the latter is the most suitable approach, we recognise that coping with population decline is a complex urban governance process in which citizens inevitably have to play an important role. In shrinking environments, however, people are not always prepared to engage for their community. If policymakers want citizens to care for their community, they must enable them to do so. This may require a rethink of the specific tasks and roles of local government in Europe's shrinking cities and towns