2,324 research outputs found
Relationships Between Claim Structure and the Competitiveness of a Patent
A patent’s competitiveness becomes crucial for the enforcement of patent right to protect business and ensure profits of companies. This study quantitatively analyses patent applications related to patent infringement lawsuits filed in trial courts in Japan. The total number of independent claims (k) and the maximum number of independent claims within a single claim category (l) at the time of filing patent applications of winning patents are found to have significant positive correlation with the number of references listed in Japanese granted patent publications or the like (x) in the case of winning patents, but not in losing patents. These results indicate that ensuring of the maximal technological scope of invention while avoiding envisioned prior inventions at the time of filing patent applications is critical to obtain a competitive patent and that patent applications in competitive fields should have more independent claims
Magic angle effects in the interlayer magnetoresistance of quasi-one-dimensional metals due to interchain incoherence
The dependence of the magnetoresistance of quasi-one-dimensional metals on
the direction of the magnetic field show dips when the field is tilted at the
so called magic angles determined by the structural dimensions of the
materials. There is currently no accepted explanation for these magic angle
effects. We present a possible explanation. Our model is based on the
assumption that, the intralayer transport in the second most conducting
direction has a small contribution from incoherent electrons. This incoherence
is modelled by a small uncertainty in momentum perpendicular to the most
conducting (chain) direction. Our model predicts the magic angles seen in
interlayer transport measurements for different orientations of the field. We
compare our results to predictions by other models and to experiment.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, Submitted To Phys. Rev.
2-D constrained Navier-Stokes equation and intermediate asymptotics
We introduce a modified version of the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes
equation, preserving energy and momentum of inertia, which is motivated by the
occurrence of different dissipation time scales and related to the gradient
flow structure of the 2-D Navier-Stokes equation. The hope is to understand
intermediate asymptotics. The analysis we present here is purely formal. A
rigorous study of this equation will be done in a forthcoming paper
Coulomb Effect: A Possible Probe for the Evolution of Hadronic Matter
Electromagnetic field produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions contains
much useful information, because the field can be directly related to the
motion of the matter in the whole stage of the reaction. One can divide the
total electromagnetic field into three parts, i.e., the contributions from the
incident nuclei, non-participating nucleons and charged fluid, the latter
consisting of strongly interacting hadrons or quarks. Parametrizing the
space-time evolution of the charged fluid based on hydrodynamic model, we study
the development of the electromagnetic field which accompanies the high-energy
heavy-ion collisions. We found that the incident nuclei bring a rather strong
electromagnetic field to the interaction region of hadrons or quarks over a few
fm after the collision. On the other hand, the observed charged hadrons'
spectra are mostly affected (Coulomb effect) by the field of the charged fluid.
We compare the result of our model with experimental data and found that the
model reproduces them well. The pion yield ratio pi^-/pi+ at a RHIC energy,
Au+Au 100+100 GeV/nucleon, is also predicted.Comment: 23 pages, RevTex, 19 eps figures, revised versio
Possible Verification of Tilted Anisotropic Dirac Cone in \alpha-(BEDT-TTF)_2 I_3 Using Interlayer Magnetoresistance
It is proposed that the presence of a tilted and anisotropic Dirac cone can
be verified using the interlayer magnetoresistance in the layered Dirac fermion
system, which is realized in quasi-two-dimensional organic compound
\alpha-(BEDT-TTF)_2 I_3. Theoretical formula is derived using the analytic
Landau level wave functions and assuming local tunneling of electrons. It is
shown that the resistivity takes the maximum in the direction of the tilt if
anisotropy of the Fermi velocity of the Dirac cone is small. The procedure is
described to determine the parameters of the tilt and anisotropy.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, corrected Fig.
Modeling Software Characteristics and Their Correlations in A Specific Domain by Comparing Existing Similar Systems
QSIC 2005, Melbourne, Australia, Sep. 2005Software in a specific domain has several characteristics and each characteristic should be fixed when the software requirements are specified. In addition, these characteristics sometimes correlate with each other. However, we sometimes forget to specify several characteristics and/or to take their correlations into account during requirements elicitation. In this paper, we propose a meta-model for representing such characteristics and their correlations, and also propose a method to build a model for a specific domain by using documents about existing software systems. By using our model for a domain, a requirements specification for a system in the domain could be complete and unambiguous because requirements analysts can check the characteristics that should be decided. The specification could be also correct and consistent because the analysts can know side effects of a requirement change by using correlation among the characteristics. We have applied our methods to a case study for confirming the usefulness of such model and the methods.ArticleProceedings : the Fifth International Conference on Quality Software. 215-222 (2005)conference pape
Magic angle effects of the one-dimensional axis conductivity in quasi-one dimensional conductors
In quasi-one-dimensional conductors, the conductivity in both one-dimensional
axis and interchain direction shows peaks when magnetic field is tilted at the
magic angles in the plane perpendicular to the conducting chain. Although there
are several theoretical studies to explain the magic angle effect, no
satisfactory explanation, especially for the one-dimensional conductivity, has
been obtained. We present a new theory of the magic angle effect in the
one-dimensional conductivity by taking account of the momentum-dependence of
the Fermi velocity, which should be large in the systems close to a spin
density wave instability. The magic angle effect is explained in the
semiclassical equations of motion, but neither the large corrugation of the
Fermi surface due to long-range hoppings nor hot spots, where the relaxation
time is small, on the Fermi surface are required.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
What information can we obtain from the yield ratio in heavy-ion collisions ?
The recently reported data on the yield ratio in central
rapidity region of heavy-ion collisions are analyzed by theoretical formula
which accounts for Coulomb interaction between central charged fragment (CCF)
consisting of nearly stopped nucleons with effective charge
Z_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} and charged pions produced in the same region of
the phase space. The Coulomb wave function method is used instead of the usual
Gamow factor in order to account for the finite production range of pions,
. For Gaussian shape of the pion production sources it results in a
quasi-scaling in and Z_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} which makes
determination of parameters and Z_{\mbox{\scriptsize eff}} from the
existing experimental data difficult. Only sufficiently accurate data taken in
the extreme small - region, where this
quasi-scaling is broken, could be used for this purpose.Comment: 7 pages, Latex type, 8 figure
Facial reanimation by transposition of the masseter muscle combined with tensor fascia lata, using the zygomatic arch as a pulley
This is an electronic version of an article published in Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 42(1):17-22 (2008). Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery is available online at informaworldTM.ArticleScandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. 42(1):17-22 (2008)journal articl
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