Diseño del sistema de alcantarillado sanitario y planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales para el casco urbano de San Pedro Perulapán

En el casco urbano de San Pedro Perulapán, las descargas inadecuadas de las aguas residuales domésticas causan un grave daño al medio ambiente y a la salud de la población, ya que no se cuenta con un sistema que permita el drenaje y tratamiento de dichas aguas. Teniendo en cuenta esta necesidad se presenta una propuesta de diseño de un sistema de alcantarillado sanitario y dos propuestas de diseño de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales ordinarias, lo cual permitirá obtener un efluente con los parámetros permisibles que debe presentar el agua residual previamente tratada de acuerdo a norma técnica para proteger los cuerpos receptores. También se presentan alternativas de sistemas de tratamientos individuales a las viviendas que no se logren conectar con el sistema de alcantarillado sanitario. Con la propuesta de diseño de estos sistemas se pretende contribuir con el saneamiento ambiental del casco urbano del municipi

High density polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics as vectors of Triclosan towards marine invertebrates: signals of reduced bioreactivity

Triclosan (TCS) is an emerging contaminant used as a preservative for its antifungal and bactericidal properties. Previous studies have showed different capacity of TCS sorption depending on the MP type, which was related to their physicochemical properties. As a part of the general objective to evaluate the capacity of polyethylene(PE) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics as TCS vectors in marine environments, the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis was used as a model organism to evaluate effects on immune function after in vivo co-exposure. Acute TCS spill scenario in the presence/absence of microplastics in the surrounding water was simulated under laboratory conditions. Mussels were simultaneously exposed to one type of weathered microplastics (PE or PS) and a high TCS concentration during 72 hours. In general, a decrease in lysosomal membrane stability was observed with all treatments compared to the control after three days, with most treatments resulting in moderate cell stress in mussels. A overall decrease in phagocytic efficiency was also observed in all treated mussels compared to the control mussels, the only exception being mussels individually exposed to PE, where a slight but not statistically significant increase was detected. No differences were observed between treatments in extracellular lysozyme activity and oxyradicals production. In general, mussels co-exposed to TCS+PE and TCS+PS showed effects on immune function that were lower than or comparable to those observed with individual exposures to TCS, PE and PS. Based on the results of this study, an additive effect on immune function derived from the co-exposure of TCS+PE and TCS+PS microplastics can be discarded. However, a weak antagonistic effect is suggested, potentially due to a reduction in their bioreactivity as a consequence of the adsorption of TCS to the surface of the ingested microplastics. The comparison of the results of bioaccumulation of TCS in mussels between the individual treatments and treatments with co-exposure to TCS, which are currently being analyzed, will help to strengthen or refute this hypothesis

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Primer brote reportado de la enfermedad de chagas en la Amazonia Boliviana: reporte de 14 casos agudos por transmisión oral de Trypanosoma cruzi en Guayaramerín, Beni-Bolivia

International audienceIn October 2010 in the Guayaramerín region, Beni-Bolivia, thick smears were observed and it was detected the presence of flagellar forms compatible with Trypanosoma cruzi. The Laboratory of Parasitology, INLASA by direct tests (smear, thick smear and micromethod variety INLASA) and indirect tests confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in 14 samples. In the epidemiological monitoring it was determined that all cases got infected by oral transmission, through the consumption of a juice of Majo fruit that came from the Amazon region of Guayaramerín-Beni. The monitoring carried out in all cases showed that the onset of infection presented high parasitemia, fever, lymphocytosis, elevated transaminases corresponding to a characteristic clinical profile of acute infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. the isolation of the parasites were done using in vitro culture for identification of the species of Trypanosoma cruzi present

Volcanes de Fango del Golfo de Cádiz. Areas de Estudio del proyecto LIFE+ INDEMARES

Fundación BiodiversidadPostprin

Caracterización física y ecológica del área marina de “Los volcanes de fango del golfo de Cádiz”

Se integra información hidrográfica, geomorfológica, sedimentológica, biológica, sobre hábitats marinos y pesquera, para establecer las bases ecológicas necesarias para la protección y conservación de los volcanes de fango del golfo de Cádiz (suroeste de la península Ibérica, España) y de sus estructuras relacionadas con el escape de fluidos cargados en metano.La zona marina española que consideramos en este documento, el golfo de Cádiz, se ubica en la región biogeográfica atlántica, en la Provincia Lusitánica, subprovincia cálida (código 15, Warm Lusitanean subprovince) de la Región IV de OSPAR (Francia y península Ibérica). Los criterios utilizados para su selección, a los efectos contemplados en la propuesta LIFE+, se basaron en los siguientes aspectos: (1) Su representación biogeográfica; (2) La presencia de estructuras submarinas de interés para su conservación y estudio; (3) La presencia de especies o hábitats vulnerables y/o amenazados; (4) La presencia de áreas naturales potencialmente bien conservadas. El golfo de Cádiz es uno de los casos paradigmáticos en los que el fenómeno de expulsión de fluidos cargados en gas metano ha traído como resultado la formación de una gran diversidad de relieves y hábitats de extraordinario interés ecológico. Los fenómenos de expulsión de fluidos enriquecidos en metano, producen cambios sustanciales en la superficie del fondo marino, así como en el interior de los depósitos sedimentarios que lo constituyen. Estos flujos expulsados desde el fondo hacia la columna de agua, modifican notablemente los relieves preexistentes, generando morfologías de neoformación, que pueden adquirir una naturaleza carbonatada, que evolucionan en función de la intensidad y frecuencia de la expulsión. La alteración natural de los fondos marinos es pues un proceso continuo mientras permanece activo el fenómeno de expulsión, y es precisamente éste el rasgo más característico de la superficie del fondo marino en el golfo de Cádiz. Los valores ecológicos que posee son muy diversos y de gran importancia, destacando de manera particular los siguientes: (1) Su elevado e interactivo hidrodinamismo producto de la convergencia de las masas de agua, vinculadas al intercambio que se realiza a través del estrecho de Gibraltar. (2) La singular diversidad y productividad biológica, fruto de la existencia de un ambiente propicio y heterogéneo facilitado por la convergencia de aguas atlánticas y mediterráneas. (3) La formación de importantes escapes de fluidos en el fondo marino (principalmente metano) producto de la tectónica salina relacionada con la convergencia de las placas litosféricas, africana y europea. (4) La presencia de complejos procesos microbianos que aprovechan energéticamente los flujos metaníferos. Esta actividad provoca la transformación de los fondos sedimentarios disgregados en estructuras carbonatadas consolidadas (substratos duros). El rango de profundidades que ha cubierto el estudio se extiende desde los 40 m hasta los 1200 m, intensificándose la prospección en el talud continental, entre las profundidades de 300 m y 1200 m, lugar en el que se concentra la mayor parte de los rasgos característicos de los fenómenos de expulsión de fluidos.Abstract The Spanish marine area considered in this project, the Gulf of Cadiz, is located in the Atlantic biogeographical region as a part of the Lusitanian Province, warm subprovince (code 15, Warm Lusitanean subprovince) of the OSPAR Region IV (France and the Iberian Peninsula). The criteria used for its selection, focusing the purposes mentioned in the LIFE+ proposal, is based on the following aspects: (1) The biogeographical representation; (2) The presence of sea bottom structures of very high interest for conservation and subject for scientific studies ; (3) The presence of species or sensitive habitats and/or threatened; (4) The presence of potentially well preserved natural areas. The Gulf of Cadiz is one of the paradigmatic cases in which the phenomenon of methane gas expulsion (see pages) and fluid flow has resulted in the formation of a wide variety of reliefs and habitats of outstanding ecological interest. The phenomena of methane enriched fluid flow produced dramatic changes in the seafloor and within the upper sedimentary units forming sea bed deposits. These fluxes ejected from the sea bottom to the water column significantly modify the existing reliefs, generating new morphologies carbonate in nature. The extension of the rocky carbonate outcrops as well as its thickness strongly depends on the intensity and frequency of fluid expulsion and the biological activity of the methane consumers microbial consortium. The natural disturbance of the seabed is a continuous process remains active while the phenomenon of seabed fluid flow keeps active, and this is in fact the characteristic of the seafloor in the Gulf of Cádiz. Ecological importance of benthic communities and marine habitats has very high interest for protection and conservation, particularly highlighting the following points: (1) Its high hydrodynamics and interactive linked to the convergence of water masses related to the changes in the exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. (2) The unique biological diversity and productivity, resulting from the existence of a suitable heterogeneous environment and facilitated by the convergence of Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. (3) The formation of significant fluxes of leaking gases into the seabed (mainly methane) related to salt tectonics generated under the African and European lithosferic plates convergence. (4) The presence of complex microbial processes (mainly oxidation of gas emissions) that take advantage of methane energy flows. This activity produce the transformation of unconsolidated sea bottom (mainly mud or sandy mud) into aggregation of consolidated carbonate cemented structures (hard substrates). The depth range that has covered the study extends from 40m to 1200m, intensifying seabed exploration along the upper and middle continental slope, between depths of 300 and 1200m, the place where most of the geomorphological features related to fluid flow are recognized.Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Comisión Europea Programa LIFE*, Fundación Biodiversida

The Global Retinoblastoma Outcome Study: a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

Background Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. Methods We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1,2017, and Dec 31,2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. Findings The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23.2 months (IQR 11.0-36.5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0.8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5.4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19. 7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42.9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enudeation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98.8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99.5% (95% CI 98.8-100.0) for children from high-income countries, 91.2% (89.5-93.0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80.3% (78.3-82.3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57.3% (524-63-0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16.67; 95% CI 4.76-50.00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8.98; 4.44-18.18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1.38 per year; 1.23-1.56). For children aged 3-7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0.0104 for the change in slope). Interpretation This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Y