The cat and the ball of yarn. Interweaving the threads of the history and restoration of the villa Savoye (1970- 1986)

[EN] The essay, the first of two writings, reconstructs the events of the generation of historians who between the seventies and mid-eighties studied and interpreted the written and designed works by Le Corbusier. This picture is part of the reading of different phases of the restoration of villa Savoye conducted by architect en chef Ivan Gury after the first operation by Jean Dubuisson, leading to a season of infinite authorial restorations of the modern. The authors deal with the complex issue of the interpretation of Le Corbusier’s works during the formation phase of the history of contemporary architecture, when the sources are almost all accessible and the literature on the subject explodes. The text investigates unpublished materials and documents, offering a new interpretation both of the villa Savoye and of the texts on the French-Swiss master.[FR] L’essai, le premier de deux écrits, reconstitue les événements de la génération d’historiens qui, entre les années 70 et le milieu des années 80, a étudié et interprété les œuvres de Le Corbusier, écrites et projetées. Cette image s’inscrit dans la lecture des différentes phases de restauration de la villa Savoye menée par l’architecte en chef Ivan Gury après un premier achèvement par Jean Dubuisson, ouvrant une saison de restaurations infinies du moderne d’auteur. Les auteurs abordent également la question complexe de l’interprétation des œuvres de Le Corbusier dans la phase de formation de l’histoire de l’architecture contemporaine, lorsque les sources sont presque toutes accessibles et que la littérature sur le sujet explose. Le texte explore des matériaux et des documents inédits, offrant une nouvelle interprétation à la fois de la villa Savoye et des textes sur le maître franco-suisse.[ES] El ensayo, el primero de dos escritos, reconstituye los acontecimientos de la generación de historiadores que, entre los años 70 y mediados de los 80, estudiaron e interpretaron las obras escritas y proyectadas por Le Corbusier. Esta imagen forma parte de la lectura de las diferentes fases de restauración de la Villa Savoye dirigidas por el arquitecto jefe Ivan Gury tras una primera realización de Jean Dubuisson, abriendo una época de interminables restauraciones de autor de lo moderno. Los autores también abordan la compleja cuestión de la interpretación de las obras de Le Corbusier en la fase de formación de la historia de la arquitectura contemporánea, cuando las fuentes están casi universalmente disponibles y la literatura sobre el tema se dispara. El texto explora materiales y documentos inéditos, ofreciendo una nueva interpretación tanto de la Villa Savoye como de los textos sobre el maestro franco-suizo.Caccia Gherardini, S.; Olmo, C. (2021). The cat and the ball of yarn. Interweaving the threads of the history and restoration of the villa Savoye (1970- 1986). LC. Revue de recherches sur Le Corbusier. 0(4):9-36. https://doi.org/10.4995/lc.2021.16215OJS9360

La Villa Savoye after Le Corbusier, une Longue Histoire

This is a study of the microhistory of Villa Savoye that has already been realized, which thus does not concern its genesis (almost too studied by others). In the construction site of microhistory the reduced scale of observation is the space which may permit the reconstruction of interpersonal relationships as a historical subject and to experiment with new procedures and put interpretative categories to the test. The problem regarding the construction defects is more or less a constant in the work of Le Corbusier, in addition to the speed of the processes of both ageing and decay which are characteristic of the materials used in modern architecture. In this sense the restoration of the works of Le Corbusier is also an opportunity to bring back to the center of the critical and theoretical discussion crucial topics regarding the reflection on modern architecture: originality and authorship. Restorations such as the ones undertaken for Villa Savoye reopened the discussion on the topic of the restoration of an auteur architecture, beginning from its foundations

The Cat and the Ball of Yarn

[EN] This second article covers the years 1980-1987 of the restauration of the Villa Savoye and of the literature on Le Corbusier, after the Fondation Le Corbusier opened to the public in 1970 and it allowed scholars such as Stanislaus von Moos, Gresleri, Carlo Olmo, Tim Benton, Jean-Louis Cohen and many others to study and write about.  Another decisive initiative was the publication of the 32 volumes of Garland Le Corbusier, which made access to the drawings even easier. On the other hand, the restoration of the villa, conducted by Yvan Gury, also through innovative choices of investigation and survey on the subject, continued as an extraordinary maintenance work on the villa. The point of arrival that marks, even symbolically, the separation between the two paths is the centenary year, (1987) with a galaxy of initiatives that perhaps also marked the end of a way of discussing between architectural historians. On the other hand, the taking charge of the restoration of the villa by Jean-Louis Véret, who began with a traditional document, which he transformed into an authentic Chinese box, the Carnet d identité, resolutely posed the problem of authority of those who worked on a sursigné building such as the Savoye villa. Not only that, but the article also constitutes a sketch of a prosography of the historians who, through Le Corbusier and the Savoye villa, built their legitimacy as historians of modern architecture, in fact.[FR] Ce deuxième article couvre les années 1980-1987 des événements de la Villa Savoye et de la littérature sur Le Corbusier, après l ouverture de la Fondation au public en 1970, elle a permis à des universitaires tels que Stanislaus von Moos, Carlo Olmo, Tim Benton, Jean-Louis Cohen et bien d autres d étudier et écrire sur Le Corbusier et la villa. Une autre initiative décisive comme la publication des 32 volumes de Garland Le Corbusier, a rendu l accès aux dessins encore plus facile. D autre part, la restauration de la villa, menée par Yvan Gury, également à travers des choix novateurs d investigation et d enquête sur le sujet, a poursuivi un travail d entretien extraordinaire de la villa. Le point d arrivée qui marque, même symboliquement, la séparation entre les deux voies de recherche, est l année du centenaire, (1987) avec une pléiade d initiatives qui ont peut-être aussi marqué la fin d une manière de discuter entre historiens de l architecture. En revanche, la prise en charge de la restauration de la villa par Jean-Louis Véret, qui a commencé par un document traditionnel, qu il a transformé en une authentique boîte chinoise, le Carmet d identité, a résolument posé le problème de l autorité de ceux qui est intervenu sur un immeuble sursigné tel que la villa Savoye. Non seulement cela, mais l article constitue aussi une esquisse d une prosographie des historiens qui, à travers Le Corbusier et la villa Savoye, ont construit leur légitimité comme... historiens de l architecture moderne, en fait.[ES] Este segundo artículo cubre los años 1980-1987 de la restauración de la Villa Savoye y de la bibliografíasobre Le Corbusier, después de la apertura de la Fondation Le Corbusier al público en 1970, que permitió aestudiosos como Stanislaus von Moos, Carlo Olmo, Tim Benton, Jean-Louis Cohen y muchos otros estudiar yescribir sobre Le Corbusier y la villa. Otra iniciativa decisiva fue la publicación de los 32 volúmenes de GarlandLe Corbusier, que facilitó aún más el acceso a los dibujos. Por otra parte, la restauración de la villa, llevada acabo por Yvan Gury, también a través de opciones innovadoras de investigación e indagación sobre el tema,ha sido continuada por un extraordinario trabajo de mantenimiento de la villa. El punto de llegada que marca,incluso simbólicamente, la separación entre las dos líneas de investigación es el año del centenario (1987) conuna plétora de iniciativas que quizás también marcaron el fin de una forma de discutir entre los historiadores de laarquitectura. Por otra parte, la asunción por parte de Jean-Louis Véret de la responsabilidad de la restauración dela villa, que partió de un documento tradicional, que transformó en una auténtica caja china, el Carnet d identité,planteó decididamente el problema de la autoridad de quienes intervenían en un edificio sobrefirmado como laVilla Savoye. No sólo eso, sino que el artículo constituye también el esbozo de una prosografía de los historiadoresque, a través de Le Corbusier y de la Villa Savoye, han construido su legitimidad como... historiadores de laarquitectura moderna, de hecho.Caccia Gherardini, S.; Olmo, C. (2022). The Cat and the Ball of Yarn. LC. Revue de recherches sur Le Corbusier. (5):9-50. https://doi.org/10.4995/lc.2022.17271OJS950

Editoriale. Il cruccio di un diritto ordinario: rappresentanza contro cittadinanza?

L’autorità come risposta alla complessità Il diritto è forse la prima vittima dei processi sociali e culturali che hanno attraversato e attraversano la società contemporanea. In questo numero, Marco Dugato restituisce con ironia la parabola della semplificazione legislativa che, invece di una conclusione salvifica,mette in evidenza la crisi di una teoria della complessità ormai divenuta un karma invocato da filosofi, sociologici, biologici, e persino ingegneri. Le risposte tentate a quella cr..

Editorial. The Ordinary Right Conundrum: Representativeness VS Citizenship?

Authority to Counteract Complexity The law is perhaps the first victim of the social and cultural processes that characterize contemporary societies. In this issue, Marco Dugato ironically illustrates the legislative simplification parable that makes evident the crisis in the theorization of complexity, instead of a redemptive end, summoned by philosophers, sociologists, biologists, and engineers. Indeed, reactions to such a crisis involve ordinary rights and, even more, the governance of pro..

Detection of freezing of gait in people withParkinson’s disease using smartphones

Freezing of Gait (FOG) is one of the most trouble-some motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD),characterised by brief episodes of inability to step. It involvesincreased risk of falls and reduced quality of life, and correlateswith motor fluctuations and progression of the disease. Hence, theknowledge of FOG event frequency, duration, daily distributionand response to drug therapy is fundamental for a reliablepatient’s assessment. In this study, we propose a FOG detectionalgorithm that takes as input inertial data from a single waist-mounted smartphone, and provides information about presenceand duration of FOG episodes. Data acquisition was carried on38 PD patients and 21 elderly subjects executing a standard6-minute walking test. More than 3.5 hours of accelerationdata have been collected. A combination of Support VectorMachine and k-Nearest Neighbour classifiers has been designed.Sensitivity of 95.4%, specificity of 98.8%, precision of 92.8%and accuracy of 98.3% in the 10-fold cross validation, and adetection rate of 84% in Leave-one-Subject-Out validation were obtained. These results, along with a good time resolution in theFOG duration identification and very efficient processing times,make the algorithm a promising tool for reliable FOG assessmentduring activities of daily livin

Neuronal Spike Shapes (NSS): A straightforward approach to investigate heterogeneity in neuronal excitability states

The mammalian brain exhibits a remarkable diversity of neurons, contributing to its intricate architecture and functional complexity. The analysis of multimodal single-cell datasets enables the investigation of cell types and states heterogeneity. In this study, we introduce the Neuronal Spike Shapes (NSS), a straightforward approach for the exploration of excitability states of neurons based on their Action Potential (AP) waveforms. The NSS method describes the AP waveform based on a triangular representation complemented by a set of derived electrophysiological (EP) features. To support this hypothesis, we validate the proposed approach on two datasets of murine cortical neurons, focusing it on GABAergic neurons. The validation process involves a combination of NSS-based clustering analysis, features exploration, Differential Expression (DE), and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Results show that the NSS-based analysis captures neuronal excitability states that possess biological relevance independently of cell subtype. In particular, Neuronal Spike Shapes (NSS) captures, among others, a well-characterized fast-spiking excitability state, supported by both electrophysiological and transcriptomic validation. Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis reveals voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels as specific markers of the identified NSS partitions. This finding strongly corroborates the biological relevance of NSS partitions as excitability states, as the expression of voltage-gated K+ channels regulates the hyperpolarization phase of the AP, being directly implicated in the regulation of neuronal excitabilit

Smartphone-Based Evaluation of Postural Stability in Parkinson’s Disease Patients During Quiet Stance

Background: Postural instability is one of the most troublesome motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease(PD).It impairs patients’quality of life and results in high risk of falls. The aim of this study is to provide a reliable tool for the automated assessment of postural instability. Methods: Data acquisition was performed on 42 PD patients and 7 young healthy subjects. They were asked to keep a quiet stance position for at least 30 s while wearing a waist-mounted smartphone. A total number of 414 features was extracted from both time and frequency domain, selected based on Pearson’s correlation, and fed to an optimized Support Vector Machine. Results: The implemented model was able to differentiate patients with mild postural instability from those with severe postural instability and from healthy controls, with 100% accuracy. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using inertial sensors embedded in commercial smartphones and proposed a simple protocol for accurate postural instability scoring. This tool can be used for early detection of PD motor signs, disease follow-up and fall prevention

Home monitoring of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease patients

In Parkinson's disease, motor fluctuations (worsening of tremor, bradykinesia, freezing of gait, postural instability) affect up to 70% of patients within 9 years of \textsc {l}-dopa therapy. Nevertheless, the assessment of motor fluctuations is difficult in a medical office, and is commonly based on poorly reliable self-reports. Hence, the use of wearable sensors is desirable. In this preliminary trial, we have investigated bradykinesia and freezing of gait—FOG—symptoms by means of inertial measurement units. To this purpose, we have employed a single smartphone on the patient's waist for FOG experiment (38 patients), and on patient thigh for LA (93 subjects). Given the sound performance achieved in this trial (AUC = 0.97 for FOG and AUC = 0.92 for LA), motor fluctuations may be estimated in domestic environments. To this end, we plan to perform measures and data processing on SensorTile, a tiny IoT module including several sensors, a microcontroller, a BlueTooth low-energy interface and microSD card, implementing an electronic diary of motor fluctuations, posture and dyskinesia during activity of daily living