Variability of Properties Characterizing Persistent Potential of Cholera Vibrio in Biofilm Communities

Represented are the results of studies on variability of properties characterizing persistent potential of V. cholerae in biofilm communities under the long-term cultivation in river water. Demonstrated is the fact that in the cold water epidemically significant cholera vibrios form thin biofilms and do not survive for the most part. But atoxigenic strains, isolated from the water, can survive in the environment both in the cold and warm time of the year due to formation of thick biofilm and realization of the persistent activity. Expressiveness of the properties studied, except antilysozyme activity (ALA), directly correlate with biofilm formation intensity. In case of ALA one observes inverse correlation

The Role of Cadaverine in Cholera Vibrio Adaptation to Stress Conditions, Induced by Hypoxia

Objective of the study is to evaluate the role of cadaverine in cholera vibrio adaptation to stress, induced by hypoxia. Materials and methods. Utilized have been 18 V. cholerae strains with different set of pathogenicity determinants. The strains are isolated from patients and from river-water. Results and conclusions. It is demonstrated that under experimental modeling of intestinal tract gas medium, cholera vibrios respond to unfavorable conditions of the environment by producing cadaverine. Its amount coincides with pathogenicity of cultures (it is higher in epidemically significant strains, than in the strains that lack genes of toxin and pilus production). It is established that the level of extracellular cadaverine production is greater than that of intracellular; but correlation of the parameters depends upon the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the environment. Intracellular cadaverine is mainly generated at a high oxygen concentration (10-12 %); while under extreme hypoxia

Synthesis, Self-Assembly and In Vitro Cellular Uptake Kinetics of Nanosized Drug Carriers Based on Aggregates of Amphiphilic Oligomers of N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone

Development of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems is a major breakthrough in pharmacology, promising targeted delivery and reduction in drug toxicity. On the cellular level, encapsulation of a drug substantially affects the endocytic processes due to nanocarrier–membrane interaction. In this study we synthesized and characterized nanocarriers assembled from amphiphilic oligomers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with a terminal thiooctadecyl group (PVP-OD). It was found that the dissolution free energy of PVP-OD depends linearly on the molecular mass of its hydrophilic part up to [Formula: see text] = 2 × 10(4), leading to an exponential dependence of critical aggregation concentration (CAC) on the molar mass. A model hydrophobic compound (DiI dye) was loaded into the nanocarriers and exhibited slow release into the aqueous phase on a scale of 18 h. Cellular uptake of the loaded nanocarriers and that of free DiI were compared in vitro using glioblastoma (U87) and fibroblast (CRL2429) cells. While the uptake of both DiI/PVP-OD nanocarriers and free DiI was inhibited by dynasore, indicating a dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway as a major mechanism, a decrease in the uptake rate of free DiI was observed in the presence of wortmannin. This suggests that while macropinocytosis plays a role in the uptake of low-molecular components, this pathway might be circumvented by incorporation of DiI into nanocarriers

The laws about Virtual Museums in Russia: Museums Studies

Статья поступила в редакцию 15.01.2022 г.В статье характеризуются основные законодательные нормы функционирования виртуальных музеев в Российской Федерации на современном этапе. Авторы освещают проблемы музейного представительства в интернете, использования цифровых копий музейных предметов в Сети, их правовой статус, выявляют пробелы в сфере защиты интеллектуальной собственности и правового регулирования деятельности виртуальных музеев.Russian rules and policy concerning virtual museums and their activity are analyzed in the article. The authors revealed the current museums problems in the Internet, studied the possibilities of digital copies of museums’ artefacts application and their legal position. This article tends to favour the view that new forms of intellectual property protection are needed to adequately protect heritage in the Internet

Magnetostimulated Chandges of Microhardness in Potassium Acid Phthalate Crystals

A decrease in microhardness along the (010) cleavage in potassium acid phthalate single crystals by 15--18% after the application of a permanent magnetic field was revealed for the first time. It is shown that the effect revealed is of the volume character. The role of interlayer water in the processes stimulated by a magnetic field is studied., Interlayer water plays does not cause the observed changes it only plays the part of an indicator of these changes in potassium acid phthalate crystals in a magnetic field. It is established that microhardness in the (100) plane of the crystal in an applied a magnetic field first increases by 12--15% and then remains constant in time within the accuracy of the experiment. The possibility of varying the crystal structure of potassium acid phthalate crystals by applying magnetic fields inducing rearrangement in the system of hydrogen bonds or in the defect structure is discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure

HCV IRES manipulates the ribosome to promote the switch from translation initiation to elongation.

The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) drives noncanonical initiation of protein synthesis necessary for viral replication. Functional studies of the HCV IRES have focused on 80S ribosome formation but have not explored its role after the 80S ribosome is poised at the start codon. Here, we report that mutations of an IRES domain that docks in the 40S subunit's decoding groove cause only a local perturbation in IRES structure and result in conformational changes in the IRES-rabbit 40S subunit complex. Functionally, the mutations decrease IRES activity by inhibiting the first ribosomal translocation event, and modeling results suggest that this effect occurs through an interaction with a single ribosomal protein. The ability of the HCV IRES to manipulate the ribosome provides insight into how the ribosome's structure and function can be altered by bound RNAs, including those derived from cellular invaders

Продолжительность антиретровирусной терапии первой линии в Российской Федерации: ретроспективное исследование

Objective. To assess durability of antiretroviral therapy in first line in HIV-infected patients in real clinical practice in the Russian Federation and determine association between basic clinical and demographic characteristics and durability of treatment.Materials and methods. A non-interventional retrospective study was conducted collecting data from primary medical records of HIV-infected patients who signed informed consent form and had started antiretroviral therapy in first line. Patients were enrolled if the third component was a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Also, patients must have been followed up for at least 96 since start of treatment. Durability of therapy was retrospectively assessed at 48±8 and 96±8.Results. 536 patients were enrolled. Percentage of patients without change of therapy was approximately 76% and 60%, and the mean duration of therapy without changes was approximately 47 and 79 weeks at 48±8 and 96±8 weeks,  correspondingly. Durability of treatment was not different for NNRTI+2NRTIs and PI/r+2NRTIs. Only age ≥ 40 years as a basic characteristic was associated with ART change prior to 96 weeks: OR=1.391, 95% CI 1.005-1.925.Conclusions. In real clinical practice in Russia, durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy corresponds published scientific data (in terms of percentage of patients without change of treatment and its duration without change). Durability of treatment and factors associated with its early switch or stop should be investigated in prospective studies further.Цель: изучить продолжительность антиретровирусной терапии первой линии у пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией, получавших лечение в условиях реальной клинической практики в Российской Федерации, а также определить взаимосвязь между клиническими и демографическими характеристиками пациентов и продолжительностью терапии.Материалы и методы: в рамках неинтервенционного исследования в условиях реальной клинической практики ретроспективно собирались данные посредством изучения медицинских карт пациентов, которые в прошлом начали получать антиретровирусную терапию первой линии. Пациенты включались в исследование, если третьим компонентом получаемой ими антиретровирусной терапии был ненуклеозидный ингибитор обратной транскриптазы (ННИОТ) или ингибитор протеазы, усиленный ритонавиром (ИП/r), в сочетании с двумя нуклеозидными ингибиторами обратной транскриптазы (НИОТ). Также обязательным условием включения было наблюдение пациента на протяжении до 96 недель с момента начала терапии. Продолжительность лечения оценивалась ретроспективно на 48±8 и 96±8 неделях.Результаты:  в  исследование  было  включено 536 пациентов. Доля пациентов без изменения схемы терапии составила около 76% и 60%, а средняя продолжительность терапии без изменений была около 47 месяцев и 79 месяцев через 48±8 и 96±8 недель соответственно. Показатели продолжительности для схем ННИОТ+2НИОТ и ИП/r+2НИОТ не различались. Возраст старше 40 лет был единственной клинико-демографической характеристикой, которая достоверно ассоциировалась с изменениями терапии через 96 недель наблюдения: ОШ=1,391, ДИ 95% 1,005–1,925.Заключение: показатели продолжительности антиретровирусной терапии первой линии (доля пациентов без изменения терапии в течение определенного периода времени и время лечения без изменения его схемы) в условиях реальной клинической практики в Российской Федерации соответствуют опубликованным международным данным. Продолжительность терапии, а также прогностические факторы отмены/изменения терапии требуют дальнейшего изучения в рамках проспективных исследований

THE INFLUENCE OF CORONARY BYPASS ON ENDOTHELIAL AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Aim. To evaluate coronary bypass grafting under artificial circulation conditions on endothelial and erectile dysfunction in patients with ischemic heart disease (CHD). Material and methods. Totally 117 patients participated in the study, with stable CHD at the mean age 55,8±5,3 y.  o.,  planned to CBG. In all patients we used questionnaire “International Index of Erectile dysfunction” (IIED), registration of nocturnal penile tumescenses (NPT), post compression tests on brachial and cavernous arteries. All patients were divided into two groups, those with and without erectile dysfunction (ED) (n=60, n=57, resp.). Results. By the results of the investigation in patients with ED after CBG there was significant worsening of erectile function. It was found, that the existence of ED before operation is an important prognostic factor for its progression after the operation. Others, with non-affected erectile function, after the operation had higher chances to save it. Even more, it was found that in patients without preoperational ED by 6 months after CBG there was tendency to improvement of EZVD comparing with baseline values, but in group with ED this tendency was not found. Also in patients without ED in all stages of study there was significantly better vasoregulating function of endothelium on brachial artery comparing to ED patients. The same tendency was found and on cavernous arteries. While analyzing the prevalence of cardiovascular events after CBG it was found that in ED group 4 patients (7%) cardiovascular events developed, but without ED — did not. Conclusion. So the presence of ED might be a significant marker of worse outcome in CHD patients, underwent CBG

Enalapril in patients after mitral valve replacement

Aim. To assess enalapril effectiveness in myocardial remodeling correction among patients after mitral valve replacement. Material and methods. In total, 54 patients (mean age 46,3±7,6 years) with isolated or prevalent mitral valve stenosis were examined. All participants underwent surgical valve disease correction. In early post-surgery period, all subjects without contraindications started enalapril therapy (2,5-20,0 mg/d). Mean follow-up lasted for 17,1±5,2 months after valve replacement. Clinical and functional status was assessed by NYHA classification and 6-minute walking stress results. Before the surgery and during dynamic follow5up, all patients underwent electrocardiography and echocardiography. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 6.0 software (StatSoft, Inc). Results. Assessing post-surgery hemodynamic parameters in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, the authors observed that enalapril therapy demonstrated more beneficial hemodynamic effects than in sinus rhythm participants. In patients with sinus rhythm, enalapril therapy significantly reduced only pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Conclusion. Enalapril therapy in patients after mitral valve replacement improves heart chamber size and PAP dynamics, especially in persistent AF participants