Cultural and national features of the language representation of the concept “money” in the Russian and French advertisement print texts

The article is devoted to the problem of cultural and national features of the language representation of the concept “money" in the Russian and French languages. The paper deals with the comparative analysis of advertisement print texts containing the various lexical units of the concept “money". The representation of the given concept confirms considerable differences of peripheral layers caused by a national and cultural, social and economic backgroundyesBelgorod State Universit

Determination of Vancomycin B and Vancomycin Impurities by Liquid Chromatography

The preferred test methods for control of product-related impurities in medicinal products are high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fine sorbent, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), which allow for better chromatographic separation of active substances and related impurities, reduction of time costs, and saving of material resources. The aim of the study was to develop HPLC and UPLC test procedures and assess the chromatographic separation capacity and efficiency in order to improve determination of the main vancomycin component and related impurities. Materials and methods: vancomycin hydrochloride lyophilisate for oral solution and solution for injection, and vancomycin hydrochloride reference standard (USP RS) were used as test objects. Agilent 1290 Infinity liquid chromatography system, and Chromolith® Performance RP-18e, Kinetex C18, Nucleodur C18 Isis, Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus C18, and LiChrospher® RP-18 columns were used for the testing. Results: HPLC analysis using a Chromolith® column (100×4.6 mm) reduces the testing time by 10 minutes compared to the USP test procedure, and by 15 minutes compared to the British Pharmacopoeia procedure. The proposed test procedure requires less eluent and increases chromatographic separation efficiency. UPLC analysis using a Kinetex C18 column (50×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) made it possible to reduce the testing time by two thirds compared to the British Pharmacopoeia procedure. The use of isocratic elution greatly simplified the testing. The testing time under the proposed chromatographic conditions was 10 minutes. Conclusions: the selected HPLC and UPLC test conditions made it possible to significantly reduce the time of testing, minimise the use of expensive reagents, and increase efficiency of chromatographic separation in the determination of vancomycin impurities and the main component Vancomycin B

The new technologies of high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing

A wealth of genome and transcriptome data obtained using new generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for whole organisms could not answer many questions in oncology, immunology, physiology, neurobiology, zoology and other fields of science and medicine. Since the cell is the basis for the living of all unicellular and multicellular organisms, it is necessary to study the biological processes at its level. This understanding gave impetus to the development of a new direction – the creation of technologies that allow working with individual cells (single-cell technology). The rapid development of not only instruments, but also various advanced protocols for working with single cells is due to the relevance of these studies in many fields of science and medicine. Studying the features of various stages of ontogenesis, identifying patterns of cell differentiation and subsequent tissue development, conducting genomic and transcriptome analyses in various areas of medicine (especially in demand in immunology and oncology), identifying cell types and states, patterns of biochemical and physiological processes using single cell technologies, allows the comprehensive research to be conducted at a new level. The first RNA-sequencing technologies of individual cell transcriptomes (scRNA-seq) captured no more than one hundred cells at a time, which was insufficient due to the detection of high cell heterogeneity, existence of the minor cell types (which were not detected by morphology) and complex regulatory pathways. The unique techniques for isolating, capturing and sequencing transcripts of tens of thousands of cells at a time are evolving now. However, new technologies have certain differences both at the sample preparation stage and during the bioinformatics analysis. In the paper we consider the most effective methods of multiple parallel scRNA-seq using the example of 10XGenomics, as well as the specifics of such an experiment, further bioinformatics analysis of the data, future outlook and applications of new high-performance technologies

Glycopeptide antibiotics: structural and functional aspects, human medicinal use, and standardisation

In recent years, glycopeptide antibiotics have been widely used to treat severe bacterial infections. The long-term use of first-generation antibiotics of this group (vancomycin, teicoplanin) has contributed to the emergence of bacteria resistant to them. The problem of resistance has motivated the development of three new glycopeptide antibiotics: dalbavancin, telavancin, and oritavancin. The aim of this study was to consolidate and analyse the data from literature and current quality standards related to glycopeptide antibiotics. The article presents basic information about the discovery of glycopeptide antibiotics of natural origin (vancomycin, teicoplanin) and their derivatives (telavancin, oritavancin, dalbavancin). It briefly characterises the structures of the glycopeptide antibiotics under consideration and describes their main properties, application, and distribution in the pharmaceutical market. The article also gives information on the spectra of antibacterial activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and their semi-synthetic derivatives. It considers approaches to vancomycin and teicoplanin standardisation and covers the main requirements of leading pharmacopoeias for the quality of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and the corresponding medicinal products. According to the study results, glycopeptide antibiotics are still widely prescribed because of their high effectiveness in diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria. However, at present, leading pharmacopoeias have developed and implemented quality standards only for two antibiotics of the group: vancomycin and teicoplanin. According to the results of literature consolidation, further modification of glycopeptide antibiotics is aimed at creating compounds characterised by prolonged action and greater effectiveness against pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the attention of researchers should be directed to further standardisation of the newest derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics: telavancin, oritavancin, and dalbavancin

Определение ванкомицина В и родственных примесей ванкомицина с использованием жидкостной хроматографии

The preferred test methods for control of product-related impurities in medicinal products are high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fine sorbent, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), which allow for better chromatographic separation of active substances and related impurities, reduction of time costs, and saving of material resources. The aim of the study was to develop HPLC and UPLC test procedures and assess the chromatographic separation capacity and efficiency in order to improve determination of the main vancomycin component and related impurities. Materials and methods: vancomycin hydrochloride lyophilisate for oral solution and solution for injection, and vancomycin hydrochloride reference standard (USP RS) were used as test objects. Agilent 1290 Infinity liquid chromatography system, and Chromolith® Performance RP-18e, Kinetex C18, Nucleodur C18 Isis, Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus C18, and LiChrospher® RP-18 columns were used for the testing. Results: HPLC analysis using a Chromolith® column (100×4.6 mm) reduces the testing time by 10 minutes compared to the USP test procedure, and by 15 minutes compared to the British Pharmacopoeia procedure. The proposed test procedure requires less eluent and increases chromatographic separation efficiency. UPLC analysis using a Kinetex C18 column (50×4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) made it possible to reduce the testing time by two thirds compared to the British Pharmacopoeia procedure. The use of isocratic elution greatly simplified the testing. The testing time under the proposed chromatographic conditions was 10 minutes. Conclusions: the selected HPLC and UPLC test conditions made it possible to significantly reduce the time of testing, minimise the use of expensive reagents, and increase efficiency of chromatographic separation in the determination of vancomycin impurities and the main component Vancomycin B.При оценке качества лекарственных средств по содержанию родственных примесей предпочтительным является использование методов высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ВЭЖХ) с применением мелкодисперсного сорбента и ультраэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (УЭЖХ), которые позволяют повысить эффективность хроматографического разделения действующих веществ и их родственных примесей, уменьшить временные затраты, оптимизировать использование материальных ресурсов. Цель работы: разработка методик определения основного компонента ванкомицина и его родственных примесей с применением ВЭЖХ и УЭЖХ для оптимизации проведения испытаний с оценкой разделительной способности хроматографической системы и ее эффективности. Материалы и методы: в качестве объекта исследований использовали препарат ванкомицина гидрохлорида в форме лиофилизата для приготовления раствора для инъекций и приема внутрь и стандартный образец ванкомицина гидрохлорида квалификации USP RS. Испытания проводили на жидкостном хроматографе Agilent 1290 Infinity с использованием хроматографических колонок Chromolith® Performance RP-18e, Kinetex С18, Nucleodur С18 Isis, Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus C18 и LiChrospher® RP-18. Результаты: при проведении анализа методом ВЭЖХ с использованием колонки Chromolith® (100×4,6 мм) время анализа сокращается на 10 мин по сравнению с методикой, описанной в Фармакопее США, и на 15 мин по сравнению с методикой, описанной в Британской фармакопее. Предлагаемая методика требует меньшего расхода элюента при возрастании эффективности хроматографического разделения. Применение УЭЖХ с использованием колонки Kinetex С18 (50×4,6 мм, 2,6 мкм) позволило сократить время анализа в 3 раза по сравнению с методикой, описанной в Британской фармакопее и использовать изократическое элюирование, что значительно упростило анализ. Время анализа в предлагаемых условиях хроматографирования составило 10 мин. Выводы: выбраны условия проведения испытания для методик ВЭЖХ и УЭЖХ, которые позволили значительно уменьшить время анализа, свести к минимуму расход дорогостоящих реагентов, увеличить эффективность хроматографического разделения при определении родственных примесей ванкомицина и его основного компонента – ванкомицина В

Гликопептидные антибиотики: структурно-функциональные аспекты, применение в медицине и стандартизация

In recent years, glycopeptide antibiotics have been widely used to treat severe bacterial infections. The long-term use of first-generation antibiotics of this group (vancomycin, teicoplanin) has contributed to the emergence of bacteria resistant to them. The problem of resistance has motivated the development of three new glycopeptide antibiotics: dalbavancin, telavancin, and oritavancin. The aim of this study was to consolidate and analyse the data from literature and current quality standards related to glycopeptide antibiotics. The article presents basic information about the discovery of glycopeptide antibiotics of natural origin (vancomycin, teicoplanin) and their derivatives (telavancin, oritavancin, dalbavancin). It briefly characterises the structures of the glycopeptide antibiotics under consideration and describes their main properties, application, and distribution in the pharmaceutical market. The article also gives information on the spectra of antibacterial activity of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and their semi-synthetic derivatives. It considers approaches to vancomycin and teicoplanin standardisation and covers the main requirements of leading pharmacopoeias for the quality of vancomycin, teicoplanin, and the corresponding medicinal products. According to the study results, glycopeptide antibiotics are still widely prescribed because of their high effectiveness in diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria. However, at present, leading pharmacopoeias have developed and implemented quality standards only for two antibiotics of the group: vancomycin and teicoplanin. According to the results of literature consolidation, further modification of glycopeptide antibiotics is aimed at creating compounds characterised by prolonged action and greater effectiveness against pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the attention of researchers should be directed to further standardisation of the newest derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics: telavancin, oritavancin, and dalbavancin.В последние годы для лечения тяжелых бактериальных инфекций широко применяются гликопептидные антибиотики. Длительное использование в медицинской практике антибиотиков первого поколения этой группы соединений (ванкомицин и тейкопланин) способствовало появлению устойчивых к ним бактерий. Для решения проблемы резистентности были разработаны три новых гликопептидных антибиотика: далбаванцин, телаванцин и оритаванцин. Цель работы — анализ и обобщение данных литературы и действующих стандартов качества, касающихся антибиотиков гликопептидной природы. В работе приведены основные сведения об истории открытия антибиотиков-гликопептидов природного происхождения (ванкомицин, тейкопланин) и их производных (телаванцин, оритаванцин, далбаванцин). Охарактеризована структура гликопептидных антибиотиков, описаны их основные свойства, применение и распространение на фармацевтическом рынке. Приведена информация о спектре антибактериальной активности ванкомицина, тейкопланина и их полусинтетических производных. Рассмотрены подходы к стандартизации ванкомицина и тейкопланина, приведены основные требования ведущих фармакопей к качеству ванкомицина, тейкопланина и препаратов на их основе. Проведенное исследование показало, что гликопептидные антибиотики продолжают оставаться крайне востребованными благодаря высокой эффективности при лечении заболеваний, вызванных грамположительными бактериями. Однако на настоящий момент разработаны и введены в ведущие зарубежные фармакопеи стандарты качества только на два представителя этой группы антибиотиков: ванкомицин и тейкопланин. Обобщение данных литературных источников показало, что дальнейшая разработка модификаций гликопептидных антибиотиков направлена на создание соединений, характеризующихся пролонгированным действием и большей эффективностью действия против патогенных микроорганизмов. Таким образом, внимание исследователей должно быть направлено на дальнейшую стандартизацию новейших производных гликопептидных антибиотиков: телаванцин, оритаванцин и далбаванцин

Особенности детской глаукомы: обзор литературы

Despite the rare incidence of childhood glaucoma in the routine practice of an ophthalmologist, the status of a disabling disease dictates the need to treat this group of patients as carefully and warily as possible. Difficulties with the diagnosis, the choice of the optimal treatment algorithm and the subsequent tactics of monitoring patients with pediatric glaucoma necessitated detailed coverage of this pathology with the accumulation and systematization of data from various sources. The review combines the concepts of etiology, pathogenesis, classification, and also focuses on diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches in the management of patients with pediatric glaucoma. The current data on the genetics of the disease are detailed, the underlying mechanisms for the development of glaucoma in children are highlighted, and various classification systems are also reviewed. International criteria for diagnosis are also included. Attention is drawn to the importance of choosing a pathogenetically substantiated surgical technique. The importance of timely verification of the diagnosis and promptly initiated treatment is emphasized. Despite the aggressiveness and refractory nature of the disease, it is possible, with promptly and adequately taken measures, to maintain sufficiently high visual functions for the patient to continue an independent lifestyle.Несмотря на редкую частоту встречаемости детской глаукомы в рутинной практике врача-офтальмолога, статус инвалидизирующего заболевания диктует необходимость максимально внимательно и настороженно относиться к данной группе пациентов. Трудности постановки диагноза, выбора оптимального алгоритма лечения и последующей тактики наблюдения пациентов с детской глаукомой обусловили необходимость подробного освещения данной патологии с аккумуляцией и систематизацией данных различных источников. В обзоре объединены концепции этиологии, патогенеза, классификации, а также акцентировано внимание на диагностических критериях и терапевтических подходах при ведении пациентов с детской глаукомой. Детализированы современные данные по генетике заболевания, освещены основополагающие механизмы развития глаукомы у детей, а также рассмотрены различные классификационные системы. Приведены международные критерии для постановки диагноза. Отмечена важность выбора патогенетически обоснованной хирургической методики. Особо подчеркнута значимость своевременной верификации диагноза и, соответственно, незамедлительно начатого лечения, так как, несмотря на агрессивность и рефрактерность заболевания, при срочно и адекватно принятых мерах возможно сохранение достаточно высоких зрительных функций для ведения пациентом в дальнейшем независимого образа жизни

Controlled Transformation of Electrical, Magnetic and Optical Material Properties by Ion Beams

Key circumstance of radical progress for technology of XXI century is the development of a technique which provides controllable producing three-dimensional patterns incorporating regions of nanometer sizes and required physical and chemical properties. Our paper for the first time proposes the method of purposeful direct transformation of the most important substance physical properties, such as electrical, magnetic, optical and others by controllable modification of solid state atomic constitution. The basis of the new technology is discovered by us effect of selective atom removing out of thin di- and polyatomic films by beams of accelerated particles. Potentials of that technique have been investigated and confirmed by our numerous experiments. It has been shown, particularly, that selective atom removing allows to transform in a controllable way insulators into metals, non-magnetics into magnetics, to change radically optical features and some other properties of materials. The opportunity to remove selectively atoms of a certain sort out of solid state compounds is, as such, of great interest in creating technology associated primarily with needs of nanoelectronics as well as many other "nano-problems" of XXI century.Comment: 22 pages, PDF, 9 figure

Cultural and national features of the language representation of the concept “money” in the Russian and French advertisement print texts

yesThe article is devoted to the problem of cultural and national features of the language representation of the concept “money" in the Russian and French languages. The paper deals with the comparative analysis of advertisement print texts containing the various lexical units of the concept “money". The representation of the given concept confirms considerable differences of peripheral layers caused by a national and cultural, social and economic backgroundBelgorod State Universit

Response of the cardiovascular system of cats to ansamycins in the test for depressor substances

The article summarises the results of a study which assessed the response of the cardiovascular system of cats to intravenous administration of the ansamycin class of antibiotics using commercial samples and investigational samples of rifampicin and rifabutin for injections. It was shown that intravenous administration of ansamycin solutions was accompanied by hypotensive effects of varying severity. The increase in the rate of rifampicin administration at a dose of 2.0 mg/0.5 ml/kg can result in a greater decrease of the cat’s blood pressure as compared to the effect caused by the administration of the same dose at a rate described in the monograph 1.2.4.0008.15 «Test for depressor substances». Based on the results of the study a mechanism underlying the observed effect was suggested