Land Rights of Community Forest Plantation Policy: Analysis from an Institutional Perspective

This study aimed to describe the land rights of bussiness permit for timber utilization from community forestplantation (IUPHHK-HTR) in Indonesia and to predict its effectiveness based on property rights theory relatedto target group characteristics. Field survey was conducted in November 2008 to April 2009 in Riau and SouthKalimantan Provinces. The results showed that from the property rights theory perspective, the land rights forHTR could be categorized as lease or management rights consisted of rights to exclude, to manage, to use, andto access, without rights to transfer and to bequeath. This suggests that the mechanism of transfer of rights from the government to the holder of IUPHHK-HTR as a temporary transfer of rights. As a result, the government needs to regulate a rigid and detailed obligation for IUPHHK-HTR holders that may not be fulfilled by the farmers. The granting of permits for a long period (up to 95 years) is predicted to lose the meanings, caused of the prohibition on inheritance of the permits. From these findings it is predicted to reduce the interest of farmers to invest in the HTR

Pembangunan Kelembagaan Pinjaman Dana Bergulir Hutan Rakyat

Community forest (hutan rakyat, HR) in Java and Madura Island has been rapidly increasing. During 2003–2010 period, the average increment of HR was 200,000 ha year-1. Due to that, Ministry of Forestry wants to expand the financing services not only to community forest plantation through revolving fund scheme called as PDB-HTR (outside Java), but also to the development of community forest through a revolving fund scheme called as PDB-HR (in Java). Expansion of this service is basically an institutional development effort means improvement of the rules of the game (i.e. credit scheme) and player of the game (organizations). Analysis on this paper is directed to provide input for the institutional development for PDB-HR by the use of 5 approaches to institutional development, and institutional analysis and development framework (IAD). The results showed that there was a need to improve PDB-HTR scheme, including the basis of loan calculation, credit rationing, the target group, the credit ceiling, and the payment system. Based on institutional perspective, some principles that  should be followed to support the poor to access the credit were simplicity, accessibility, conformity, feasibility, sustainability, transparancy, supervisory, assisting and facilitating, and learning

Analisis Perbandingan Beberapa Skema Pinjaman untuk Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Berbasis Masyarakat di Indonesia

Until recently, commercial banks are not interested in providing fund for community-based forest plantations development. Due to that, Ministry of Forestry has been  implementing program providing financial access forcommunity forest plantation (HTR) development through revolving fund scheme (PDB-HTR). During 1997 – 2000 Ministry of Forestry had also developed a similar credit scheme called credit for community forest business (KUHR), but its implementation had encountered many problems. This study had compared PDB-HTR scheme and KUHR scheme to get the lessons, so that the implementation of the PDB-HTR will not suffer the same fate with KUHR. The study was carried out using narrative policy analysis approach. Research was conducted in November 2008 to April 2009 in Riau and South Kalimantan Provinces.The results showed that the scheme of PDB-HTR seems has many similarities with the KUHR scheme. From the analysis had been done there are several findings to consider for policy improvements of PDB-HTR namely: the credit scheme and its orientation, on site level organization, application procedure, dissemination/ socialization, and facilitating mechanisms

Analisis Perbandingan Beberapa Skema Pinjaman untuk Pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Berbasis Masyarakat di Indonesia

Until recently, commercial banks are not interested in providing fund for community-based forest plantations development. Due to that, Ministry of Forestry has been  implementing program providing financial access forcommunity forest plantation (HTR) development through revolving fund scheme (PDB-HTR). During 1997 – 2000 Ministry of Forestry had also developed a similar credit scheme called credit for community forest business (KUHR), but its implementation had encountered many problems. This study had compared PDB-HTR scheme and KUHR scheme to get the lessons, so that the implementation of the PDB-HTR will not suffer the same fate with KUHR. The study was carried out using narrative policy analysis approach. Research was conducted in November 2008 to April 2009 in Riau and South Kalimantan Provinces.The results showed that the scheme of PDB-HTR seems has many similarities with the KUHR scheme. From the analysis had been done there are several findings to consider for policy improvements of PDB-HTR namely: the credit scheme and its orientation, on site level organization, application procedure, dissemination/ socialization, and facilitating mechanisms

Policy Effectiveness of Loan for Delaying Timber Harvesting for Smallholder Private Forest in Indonesia

This study aimed to analyze policy effectiveness of loan for delaying timber harvesting for smallholder private forest business (Pinjaman Tunda Tebang Hutan Rakyat; hereinafter will be referred as PTT-HR). The analysis will be used to provide recommendations for improving PTT-HR scheme included scaling out and scaling up of the scheme for improving economic benefits and supporting smallholder private forest business as well as for strengthening farmer’s welfare. Field survey was conducted in October–November 2013 in two districts in Central of Java, Indonesia namely Blora and Wonosobo District as recipient of PTT-HR from Public Service Agency for Forest Development Financing Center (BLU Center of P2H) Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that PTT-HR policy has implemented effectively based on evaluation parameter derived from the objectives of policy namely the age of the stands for loan collateral, the capabilities for improving farmer’s welfare, utilization of loan, perception of the farmers regarding to the ease of the process and purpose of loan utilization, and the capability of loan repayment. However, this research has not been answered the aspect of PTT-HR policy implementation efficiency.

Policy Effectiveness of Loan for Delaying Timber Harvesting for Smallholder Private Forest in Indonesia

This study aimed to analyze policy effectiveness of loan for delaying timber harvesting for smallholder private forest business (Pinjaman Tunda Tebang Hutan Rakyat; hereinafter will be referred as PTT-HR). The analysis will be used to provide recommendations for improving PTT-HR scheme included scaling out and scaling up of the scheme for improving economic benefits and supporting smallholder private forest business as well as for strengthening farmer’s welfare. Field survey was conducted in October–November 2013 in two districts in Central of Java, Indonesia namely Blora and Wonosobo District as recipient of PTT-HR from Public Service Agency for Forest Development Financing Center (BLU Center of P2H) Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia. The results showed that PTT-HR policy has implemented effectively based on evaluation parameter derived from the objectives of policy namely the age of the stands for loan collateral, the capabilities for improving farmer’s welfare, utilization of loan, perception of the farmers regarding to the ease of the process and purpose of loan utilization, and the capability of loan repayment. However, this research has not been answered the aspect of PTT-HR policy implementation efficiency.

Pengaruh Kelembagaan Sertifikasi Sumber Benih terhadap Efisiensi Tataniaga Benih Tanaman Hutan : Studi Kasus di Kalimantan Timur dan Kalimantan Selatan

Kegiatan rehabilitasi hutan memerlukan pasokan benih dalam jumlah yang berlimpah dari sumber benih berkualitas. Sertifikasi sumber benih diterbitkan untuk menjamin kebenaran kelas sumber benih dan kualitas produknya. Dalam kegiatan sertifikasi sumber benih terdapat aturan main dalam relasi antar pihak atau disebut kelembagaan. Dari sudut pandang ekonomi, kelembagaan yang berlaku dalam kegiatan sertifikasi sumber benih ini diharapkan dapat membuat manfaat yang diperoleh para pihak seimbang dengan pengorbanan sumberdaya yang dikeluarkan (efisien). Tulisan ini memaparkan hasil penelitian mengenai efisiensi kelembagaan sertifikasi sumber benih tanaman hutan di Kalimantan Timur dan Kalimantan Selatan. Kriteria efisiensi yang digunakan adalah manfaat yang diperoleh parapihak seimbang dengan pengorbanan sumberdaya yang dikeluarkan dan biaya transaksi yang dikeluarkan dalam relasi antar pihak dapat diminimumkan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan cara : 1) Menganalisis kelayakan finansial pengelola sumber benih; 2) Mengidentifikasi dan menghitung biaya transaksi; dan 3) Mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis distribusi manfaat antar pihak yang terlibat dalam tataniaga benih. Hasil analisis finansial memperlihatkan bahwa pengusahaan sumber benih bersertifikat layak secara finansial dan biaya transaksi sertifikasi tidak signifikan (minimum), namun distribusi manfaat antar pelaku tataniaga perbenihan dapat lebih seimbang dengan jalan memperpendek saluran tataniaga dan memperkuat posisi tawar pengelola sumber benih

The Failure Factors of Collective Action in Promoting the Recognition of Customary Forest: Case of Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest in Riau Province

One of the five schemes in social forestry program in Indonesia is customary forest recognition. Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest, a customary forest in Riau Province, is failed in the recognition process. The objectives of this study are to analyze the failure factors of collective action and to formulate strategies to encourage the success of collective action on recognition of Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest. This research was built by using both quantitative and qualitative approach where the data were collected by using survey and in-depth interviews. The research results found that improper facilitation caused by communication issues between involved parties, the absence of the symbolic power, the failure in forming the common knowledge are the factors leading to the failure of collective action. To reconstruct the collective action, this study offered four strategies: (1) to frequently communicate with personal approach to the two highest indigenous leaders with whom facilitators have difficulty communicating well, (2) to mediate the two conflicted indigenous leaders for generating their motivation to propose their forest, (3) to conduct socialization to all indigenous leaders (40 jini) and community representatives to increase an understanding regarding the purpose and importance of recognition of customary forest, and (4) to conduct a participatory mapping to reduce area border issues among two sub-tribes

Institutional analysis of forest governance after the implementation of Law Number 23/2014 in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

After the implementation of Law Number 23/2014 on Regional Government in Indonesia, the authority for forest management rests with the central and provincial governments. This study aims to (1) assess forest governance performance after the implementation of this law, (2) analyse the institutional aspects of forest governance after the implementation of this law and (3) formulate strategies to strengthen forest governance institutions. This study finds that although Law Number 23/2014 has been implemented in North Sumatra Province, the forestry sector remains centralistic; the characteristics of forest resources have not changed (these continue to be common pool resources) and the behaviour of the actors lacks synergy. In this scenario, the performance of forest governance has not improved significantly, as indicated by the incomplete designation of forest areas; the number of Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan that have not implemented the Badan Layanan Umum Daerah scheme; the low rights of access and low forest utilisation by the community; and the slow service process for permits; however, the costs for obtaining permits are according to regulations. This is in line with the results of this study’s institutional analysis, which show that (1) the provincial jurisdiction boundaries have narrowed, given that only the central government has authority over the forestry planning sub-function and forestry supervision; (2) many central government regulations continue to be used in forest management, characterising the low aspect of provincial regional representation rules; and (3) despite clear forest ownership rights, there are claims from other stakeholders, which indicates the low legitimacy of the parties. This study suggests that forest governance performance can be improved by expanding the jurisdiction boundaries through the assistance task mechanism to the provincial government; ensuring provincial government participation in formulating forest policies; and increasing the status of forest permit holders and managers from claimants to proprietors

Patterns and Trends of Crocodile Trade from Tanah Papua, Indonesia

Crocodylus porosus and C. novaeguineae are two protected and tradable crocodile species in Indonesia. Therefore, precautionary principles are needed in their utilization to ensure sustainability. Although the commodity from these species is traded domestically and internationally, the broader picture of its use in Indonesia is less known. The objectives of the study were to: (1) analyze the domestic trade of crocodiles, and (2) analyze the international trade of crocodiles. The analysis was conducted using data of direct utilization sourced from the wild in the form of skin and hatchlings, data on domestic transport permits, CITES export permits, and the CITES trade database. The study suggested that the harvest of crocodile hatchlings and skin do not represent the actual condition since the skin recorded were only those sent outside of the province. Determining zero harvest quotas of C. porosus did not stop species harvest for domestic trade. The dominant source of C. porosus skin export was captive breeding, while C. novaeguineaewas sourced from the wild. Ranch-sourced skin of both species for export were very low