Usporedba glavnih značajki klasičnog i vakuumskog načina prikupljanja i odvodnje sanitarne otpadne vode na brodu za rasute terete

Dana je usporedba klasičnog i vakuumskog sustava odvodnje sanitarne otpadne vode iz nadgrađa broda za rasute terete od 52000 tdw s 25 članova posade. Sustavi se uspoređuju prema potrošnji svježe sanitarne vode, trošku za proizvodnju potrebne količine svježe vode, vrijednosti materijala i rada potrebnog za izradu sustava, energiji koja se troši za funkcioniranje sustava i troškovima održavanja. Rezultati analize pokazuju da vakuumskim sustavima odvodnje treba dati prednost pri ugradnji. Niži troškovi u eksploataciji brzo nadoknađuju veće početno ulaganje

Didactic design of multimedia textbooks in music education

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove učenika i učitelja o uporabi nastavnih medija u nastavi glazbene kulture te analizirati sve udžbenike glazbene kulture od 1. do 8. razreda osnovne škole s ciljem razmatranja mogućnosti multimedijskoga udžbenika. Dok su kod analize udžbenika formirane odgovarajuće evidencijske liste, za potrebe postupka anketnog istraživanja konstruirani su upitnici različiti za učenike i učitelje. Veličina uzorka bila je 429 učenika i učenica od 5. do 8. razreda te 215 učitelja glazbene kulture. U istraživanju stavova učenika uzete su varijable: dob, spol i samoprocijenjena glazbena darovitost. Rezultati pokazuju da se učenice češće od učenika samoprocjenjuju glazbeno darovitima, više se bave glazbom izvan obvezne nastave, više rabe računalo za potrebe nastave glazbe i više žele upoznati glazbene računalne programe. Dok udžbenik za nastavu glazbe rijetko rabe, gotovo polovica učenika smatra potrebnom uporabu računala u nastavi glazbe na što nema utjecaja ni dob, ni spol, ni samoprocijenjena glazbena darovitost. Prema rezultatima druge ankete, od svih nastavnih medija učitelji najčešće koriste glazbalo i udžbenik uglavnom kao pjesmaricu. Većina smatra potrebnom poduku iz glazbenih računalnih programa, iako se učitelji s kraćim radnim iskustvom procjenjuju informatički pismenijima. Većina ih poznaje barem neki glazbeni računalni program, upotrebljava internet za potrebe pripreme nastave, a gotovo svi smatraju da uporaba računala poboljšava kvalitetu nastave glazbe. Učitelji procjenjuju da bi računalo bilo najkorisnije tijekom slušanja glazbe, zatim za obradu muzikoloških sadržaja i glazbeno stvaralaštvo. Analiza udžbenika pokazala je da jedino muzikološki sadržaji zadovoljavaju osnovna udžbenička obilježja, osobito mogućnost samostalnoga korištenja. Udžbenički sadržaj koji se bavi ostalim područjima nastave glazbe namijenjen je učitelju ili služi kao pjesmarica. Didaktički oblikovan multimedijski udžbenik za nastavu glazbe mogao bi riješiti probleme tradicionalnoga udžbenika poput davanja povratne informacije učeniku, dok bi zadatci koji zahtijevaju razrednu raspravu trebali biti dio učiteljskoga multimedijskoga priručnika. Multimedijski udžbenik mogao bi biti podijeljen na osnovni obvezni, ali i neobvezni za samostalno učenje glazbe te za izvannastavne glazbene aktivnosti.Music education consists of 6 teaching fieds: music literacy, singing, playing musical instruments, listening to music, composing music and musicology contents. All aforementioned fields are different by nature - they differ in levels of expected teaching outcomes on the part of the curriculum and educators, but also in the interest of each individual student which is then reflected on the use of the teaching media. Introductory section tackles the question of textbooks and their characteristics, position of music in the society, using computers for educational purposes with special potential for individualized learning and changing of digital contents and the need for multimedia textbooks in accordance with social environments and paradigmes of modern education. The second section examines the question of teaching media in music teaching. A description of teaching fields is followed by an overview of basic features and types of textbooks, teaching media and terms such as original music reality, teaching aids and methods, teaching technology, multimedia and multimedia textbooks. After that, the paper compares the possibilities, functionality and advantages and disadvantages of traditional and multimedia textbooks in music teaching. The main goal of the research is to examine the learners' and the teachers' attitudes about applying teaching media in music teaching and to analyse music textbooks from grade 1 to 8 of elementary school. Special questionnaires were composed for the purpose of this research: Questionnaire on the use of teaching media for students and Questionnaire on the use of teaching media for teachers. For the purpose of textbook analysis specific record charts have been made. The research has been conducted on the sample of 429 male and female students attending grades 5 through 8 of 3 elementary schools from the County of KrapinaZagorje and the County of Zagreb and 215 music teachers from all over Croatia. Three variables have been used for the purpose of researching the students' attitude towards the use of teaching media in music teaching: age, sex and self-estimated talent for music. The results show that female students are more prone to assess themselves as talented for music, play music as extracurricular acitivities more often, use computers in music education more often and show more interest for learning music computer programmes than male students. While a textbook for music teaching is being used only rarely, almost half of the students find the use of computer in music education necessary. Age, sex or self-assessed music talent made here no difference. As far as the teachers' attitude is concerned, the most frequently used teaching media, except for the musical instruments, is the textbook, and it is used mainly as a song-book. On the other hand, most teachers expressed the need for extra instructions for the use of music computer programmes. Those with shorter work experience assessed themselves as having better computer litracy, whereby most of them are able to use at least one music computer programme, use the Internet for preparing classes and almost all find that the use of computers improves the quality of music education. Teachers find that the computer would be most useful in the fields of listening to music, analysing musicology contents and music production. Analysis of the existing music textbooks showed that only the musicology contents meet the basic textbook criteria, especially the criterium of indepentent using. Textbook material dealing with other fields of music teaching is teacher-oriented and meant for the teacher or serves barely as a song-book. The final part of the paper deals with organizing a multimedia textbook for music teaching which could solve many problems the traditional music textbook faced, such as providing feedback for the student. Tasks which require class discussion, such as expressing opinion should, however, be part of the teacher's multimedia handbook. A basic compulsory multimedia textbook would be meant for the student, as well as an optional multimedia textbook for independent study of music and a multimedia textbook for extracurricular music activities. The basic compulsory multimedia textbook would include the fields of singing, musicology contents and listening to music. Finally, the most relevant fact is that the each multimedia content is didactically shaped

Usporedba dva načina odvodnje sanitarne otpadne vode

Tema ovog rada su analiza i usporedba ugrađenog klasičnog načina odvodnje sanitarne otpadne vode iz nadgrađa broda za rasute terete od 52000 tdw s 25 članova posade i pretpostavljenog modela vakuumske odvodnje za isti brod. Uspoređuje se razlika u potrošnji vode za sanitarne potrebe prema nominalnim vrijednostima propisanim od klasifikacijskih društava, vrijednost materijala i rada potrebnog za izradu ovih sustava, energija za funkcioniranje i troškovi održavanja. Rezultati analize pokazuju da je vakuumski sustav odvodnje skuplji za izradu, ali jeftiniji u radu, a za neke tipove brodova ekonomska isplativost u radu značajno premašuje vrijednost početnog ulaganja

An overview of mosquitoes and emerging arboviral infections in the Zagreb area, Croatia

Mosquito control in the Zagreb area has been conducted for many years, whereas the fauna has only been investigated in the last 20 years. So far 30 mosquito species have been detected in the city area. Culex pipiens form molestus is the dominant mosquito species in indoor breeding sites. In forested areas and areas exposed to flooding, the active period is early spring and the dominant species are Ochlerotatus sticticus, Ochlerotatus cantans, Ochlerotatus geniculatus and Aedes vexans. The eudominant mosquito species found in the artificial breeding sites are Culex pipiens and the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Invasive Ae. albopictus, present in the Zagreb area since 2004, has expanded to a larger area of the city during the last three years. The recent emergence of the human West Nile virus and Usutu virus neuroinvasive disease in Zagreb and its surroundings highlighted the role of mosquitoes as vectors of emerging arboviruses. The paper focuses on mosquito species and arboviral infections detected in humans and animals in the Zagreb area, Croatia