280 research outputs found
Innovative finance for development - instruments of social integration and responsibility in lower-middle-income countries
Existing proposals for transforming the system of de
velopment assistance and especially in
relation to middle income countries are manifold. The
idea of cutting assistance to middle
income countries gained ground parallel with the ques
tioning of the rationale to use only per
capita income as an eligibility criterion for assis
tance. LMICs
3
have much in common with LDCs
but the operation and structure of their domestic ec
onomy and politics may be significantly
different. My proposal is not to disregard middle income
countries as potential targets of
development assistance as a whole; rather my study ar
gues that focus should be placed on
lower-middle-income economies. The LMIC strategy woul
d be different from the one that
targets the least developed countries. I tend to coi
n this policy with the term of “convergence
assistance” – an innovative allocation and spending m
echanism. Convergence means the
reduction of internal disparities and the elimination
of the dual structure of these economies.
Against this backdrop successful adaptation of develop
ment banking models of developing and
advanced economies can support the establishment of a
n economic incentive system based on
efficiency requirements coupled with concentration,
expertise, the knowledge of the local
market and people. By incorporating the best practic
es of microfinance institutions from the
developing world and those of the institutions with th
e objective of economic inclusion in
advanced countries, a development bank may be a good ch
oice in LMICs. This institution ideally
may function as a window for all development or conve
rgence financing independently from
their origin and nature. The proposal is not meant t
o prefer LMICs to LDCs but a pilot project is
more likely to be feasible in their case
Az EurĂłpai UniĂł Ă©s közvetlen környezete a kibĹ‘vĂtĂ©sen tĂşl = The European Union and its direct neighbourhood beyond enlargement
A kutatás során azt vizsgáltuk meg, hogyan alakultak az EurĂłpai UniĂł (EU) Ă©s közvetlen szomszĂ©dságának kapcsolatai az elmĂşlt (2002-2006) idĹ‘szakban. Kiemelten foglalkoztunk az EU Ă©s KözĂ©p- Ă©s Kelet-EurĂłpa kapcsolataival, mivel ez utĂłbbi tĂ©rsĂ©g országai a vizsgált idĹ‘szakban a korábbinál jĂłval közelebb kerĂĽltek az integráciĂłhoz (taggá váltak, csatlakozási tárgyalásokat kezdtek, tagjelölttĂ© váltak, társulási egyezmĂ©nyeket kötöttek, illetve ezek tárgyalásába kezdtek). Emellett kĂĽlön figyelmet fordĂtottunk a mediterrán tĂ©rsĂ©g országai közĂĽl Törökország EU-perspektĂvájának alakulására. Tapasztalataink alapján megállapĂthatĂł, hogy miközben az EU jelentĹ‘s elĹ‘rehaladást könyvelhet el számos, a szomszĂ©dságához tartozĂł országgal fenntartott kapcsolatában, jelenlegi állapotában a szomszĂ©dságpolitika megĂşjĂtása ellenĂ©re sem kĂ©pes minden felmerĂĽlĹ‘ kĂ©rdĂ©s megnyugtatĂł megválaszolására. Ez kĂĽlönösen Törökország EU-perspektĂvája szempontjábĂłl lehet hosszĂş távon is releváns kĂ©rdĂ©s, de az EU-n belĂĽli konszenzus hiánya a szĂĽksĂ©ges változtatásokkal kapcsolatban már a balkáni országok integráciĂłja kapcsán is komoly akadályt jelenthet. A kutatásunkat lezárĂł kötet országtanulmányaiban többek mellett ezen veszĂ©lyre is felhĂvtuk a figyelmet. | During the research we examined the relations of the European Union (EU) with its direct neighbours in the period of the research (2002-2006). We have paid special attention to the relations of the EU with Central and Eastern Europe, because the countries of this latter region have become much closer to the integration in the period observed (some of them became members, began accession talks, became candidates for membership, concluded association agreements or began the negotiations on such agreements). Beyond this, we also have paid special attention to the European integration prospects of Turkey. According to our results we can say that while the EU can see a considerable development in its relations with many of the countries belonging to its membership, it is not able in its present state (despite the reform of the neighbourhood policy) to give answers to all the questions arising in this respect. The question is especially relevant in the case of the EU prospects of Turkey, but the lack of consensus within the EU (concerning the necessary changes) can constitute a serious barrier already for the integration of the Balkan countries. Among others, we have drawn the attention to this danger in the country studies of the volume concluding our research project
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