Nouvelles données sur la paléogéographie et le peuplement à Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône) : premiers résultats des approches géomorphologique et géoarchéologique

Depuis 15 ans, la croissance urbaine d’Aix-en-Provence s’est accompagnée d’importantes opérations de fouilles archéologiques préventives. La découverte d’implantations humaines allant de la Préhistoire jusqu’à la Période moderne, a permis de mieux connaître les formes et l’évolution de l’occupation du territoire. Les différentes composantes de la ville antique en particulier, sont aujourd’hui bien connues (rempart, édifices publics, habitat, occupation extra-muros…). Restaient à comprendre les choix et les modalités de ces occupations humaines. À partir des années 2000, l’implication de géoarchéologues dans l’archéologie préventive aixoise a contribué au développement d’une réflexion paléogéographique et sur les relations sociétés/milieu. Le milieu n’est plus perçu comme une veduta inerte, mais comme la conséquence de processus géomorphologiques contraignant les communautés humaines, celles-ci étant en retour, actrices de l’évolution du milieu. Bien qu’encore trop ponctuelles pour permettre une restitution synthétique de l’évolution du paysage aixois au cours de l’Holocène, les observations paléo-environnementales effectuées à l’occasion de quatre fouilles préventives, ont apporté des éléments de réponse aux questionnements archéologiques et obligent aujourd’hui à repenser les méthodes de l’archéologie préventive. La stratigraphie générale des sites récemment explorés a mis en évidence une succession de processus alluviaux et colluviaux, marquée par une hydromorphie récurrente. Cet environnement a priori répulsif n’a cependant pas empêché l’installation des populations, ni leur développement. Afin de déterminer la potentialité des milieux, la caractérisation précise des paléo-environnements s’est avérée nécessaire, à l’échelle locale de la ville actuelle, mais également à celle, macro‑régionale du bassin de l’Arc. Bien que le cadre chronologique de l’évolution du paysage aixois depuis le Néolithique soit encore lacunaire, l’ensemble des données de terrain s’accorde avec une paléogéographie très différente de l’actuelle. Les deux paléo-vallons fossiles qui traversent la ville, pourraient correspondre à d’anciens écoulements du torrent de la Torse, actuellement localisé à l’est de la ville. Il semble surtout que cette configuration soit à l’origine de l’hydromorphie des sédiments depuis le Néolithique jusqu’à l’Antiquité, période durant laquelle ont été aménagés les premiers dispositifs visant à assainir le secteur. De même, les paléo‑chenaux paraissent avoir contraint l’urbanisation de la ville antique et du rempart, limitant son extension au sud.For the last 15 years, huge archaeological excavation works have come along with the urban growth of Aix-en-Provence. Archaeologists discovered that there was a prehistoric settlement (Middle Neolithic) and nowadays have contributed to a better knowledge of the history of the urban development. Today, the different components of the antique city are well known (fortifications, public buildings, houses, extra-muros settlement…). The choice of the settlement location and the way it developped still have to be determined. From the years 2000, the way geo-archaeologists got involved in preventive archaeology enable the establishment of a paleo-geographical approach on the relation between societies and their environment. The landscape is no longer considered as something unchanging, but, from one side, as the consequence of a geomorphological process restricting human communities growth, and from the other side as something that could be shaped by populations. The paleo-environmental observations made on four sites are too sporadic to enable a synthetical restitution of the landscape changing, but they give some answers to archaeological questions and encourage us to reconsider the methods usually employed in preventive archaelogy. The global stratigraphy of the sites recently excavated highlights series of alluvial and colluvial processes marked by a recurrent hydromorphy. This environment, apparently repulsive, did not stop human communities from setting up or developping. In order to determine the potential for populating, a precise identification of paleo-environments has been necessary, not only on the local scale of the current city, but also on the regional scale of the Arc basin. The chronological frame of the environment evolution since the Neolithic is still incomplete but all field data tend toward the same conclusion : there was a paleogeography very different from now. The two fossil small valleys which run accross the city, discovered during recent excavations, could be ancient courses of the Torse, now located to the east of the city. It seems that this general shape is at the origin of the soils hydromorphy from the Neolithic to the Antiquity. The first draining works were identified during these series of excavations and dated from Antiquity. Moreover, the paleo-channels have probably conditionned the location of the fortifications and, as a result, the urban development of the antique city restricting its extension to the south

Safety and Efficacy of Durvalumab With or Without Tremelimumab in Patients With PD-L1-Low/Negative Recurrent or Metastatic HNSCC The Phase 2 CONDOR Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE: Dual blockade of programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) may overcome immune checkpoint inhibition. It is unknown whether dual blockade can potentiate antitumor activity without compromising safety in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) and low or no PD-L1 tumor cell expression. OBJECTIVE :To assess safety and objective response rate of durvalumab combined with tremelimumab. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The CONDOR study was a phase 2, randomized, open-label study of Durvalumab, Tremelimumab, and Durvalumab in Combination With Tremelimumab in Patients With R/M HNSCC. Eligibility criteria included PD-L1-low/negative disease that had progressed after 1 platinum-containing regimen in the R/M setting. Patients were randomized (N = 267) from April 15, 2015, to March 16, 2016, at 127 sites in North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific. INTERVENTIONS: Durvalumab (20 mg/kg every 4 weeks) + tremelimumab (1 mg/kg every 4 weeks) for 4 cycles, followed by durvalumab (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks), or durvalumab (10 mg/kg every 2 weeks) monotherapy, or tremelimumab (10 mg/kg every 4 weeks for 7 doses then every 12 weeks for 2 doses) monotherapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Safety and tolerability and efficacy measured by objective response rate. RESULTS: Among the 267 patients (220 men [82.4%]), median age (range) of patients was 61.0 (23-82) years. Grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 21 patients (15.8%) treated with durvalumab + tremelimumab, 8 (12.3%) treated with durvalumab, and 11 (16.9%) treated with tremelimumab. Grade 3/4 immune-mediated adverse events occurred in 8 patients (6.0%) in the combination arm only. Objective response rate (95% CI) was 7.8% (3.78%1339%) in the combination arm (n =129), 9.2% (3.46%-19.02%) for durvalumab monotherapy (n = 65), and 1.6% (0.04%-8.53%) for tremelimumab monotherapy (n = 63); median overall survival (95% CI) for all patients treated was 7.6 (4.9-10.6), 6.0 (4.0-11.3), and 5.5 (3.9-7.0) months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with R/M HNSCC and low or no PD-Lt tumor cell expression, all 3 regimens exhibited a manageable toxicity profile. Durvalumab and durvalumab + tremelimumab resulted in clinical benefit, with minimal observed difference between the two. A phase 3 study is under way

En quête de l’amphithéâtre perdu

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En quête de l’amphithéâtre perdu

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Les productions aixoises de céramique à pâte calcaire durant le Haut-Empire : réactualisation de la typologie

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Une domus en noir et blanc, 38-42 boulevard de la République – voie Georges Pompidou- 16 rue Irma Moreau

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: cours des Minimes - rue du Bon-Pasteur

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Céramiques communes brunes de Provence occidentale : réactualisation de la typologie

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