1,865 research outputs found

    Occupational injuries to senior farmers in Sweden

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    The prevailing demographic change in the western world means that the workforce is becoming older. Farmers in particular often work beyond the normal retirement age, in a challenging physical environment. For example, the agricultural sector has the most hazardous work environment in Sweden. Therefore, it is interesting to examine the following questions: Are senior farmers more frequently involved in work-related injuries? Do some injuries happen more often in the oldest age group? Which part of the body is most frequently affected in different age groups? What can be done to decrease the risk of injury in senior farmer

    Dispersion modeling and analysis for multilayered open coaxial waveguides

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    This paper presents a detailed modeling and analysis regarding the dispersion characteristics of multilayered open coaxial waveguides. The study is motivated by the need of improved modeling and an increased physical understanding about the wave propagation phenomena on very long power cables which has a potential industrial application with fault localization and monitoring. The electromagnetic model is based on a layer recursive computation of axial-symmetric fields in connection with a magnetic frill generator excitation that can be calibrated to the current measured at the input of the cable. The layer recursive formulation enables a stable and efficient numerical computation of the related dispersion functions as well as a detailed analysis regarding the analytic and asymptotic properties of the associated determinants. Modal contributions as well as the contribution from the associated branch-cut (non-discrete radiating modes) are defined and analyzed. Measurements and modeling of pulse propagation on an 82 km long HVDC power cable are presented as a concrete example. In this example, it is concluded that the contribution from the second TM mode as well as from the branch-cut is negligible for all practical purposes. However, it is also shown that for extremely long power cables the contribution from the branch-cut can in fact dominate over the quasi-TEM mode for some frequency intervals. The main contribution of this paper is to provide the necessary analysis tools for a quantitative study of these phenomena

    Advanced Fluid-Structure Interaction Modelling and Simulation for Aerospace Applications

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    Numerical fluid-structure interaction (FSI) methods for the prediction of aeroelastic phenomena are important within aerospace. The continuous development of computer technologies has enabled the use of more advanced FSI methods. The use of advanced methods has the potential to provide more accurate predictions. It also enables simulation of applications for which engineers traditionally have relied upon wind tunnel testing and flight testing, and still do to a large extent. Hence, the use of more advanced FSI methods would limit the need for wind tunnel testing and flight testing, and in extension reduce the lead time and cost of aircraft development.High Reynolds number flows, involving separated flow, are very challenging to simulate. Hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-large-eddy simulation (LES) techniques provide the possibility to simulate such flows for industrial purposes. Hybrid RANS-LES methods are employed in this thesis for two applications which require turbulence-resolving techniques.First, the effects of elastic walls on the aeroacoustics in transonic cavity flow are investigated. The prediction of structural vibrations is also important since vibrations may endanger the structural integrity, additionally, vibrations may negatively affect other apparatuses. The features of cavity flow appear in weapon bays and landing gear bays in an aircraft. In a deep cavity, the flow constitutes of broadband and tonal noise, referred to as Rossiter modes. The cavity structure is simulated with a modal-based approach and with a non-modal approach where the equation of motion is solved for all degrees-of-freedom of a reduced order finite element model. The results evince that the aeroacoustic field is altered by the elastic walls. For the investigated case, the energy of the 4th Rossiter mode is depleted and a strong tone is induced at a frequency below the 4th Rossiter mode, which is absent in the rigid cavity; these observations are made with both the structural simulation methods. However, with the non-modal approach, a second strong tone is induced at a frequency above the 4th Rossiter frequency.The second investigated application is the aeroelastic prediction of a wing at Mach numbers ranging from subsonic to supersonic speeds. The viscous effects become significant at transonic speeds and may provoke shock induced flow separation. It is shown that the viscous effects play an important role under such circumstances and that both static and dynamic structural responses differ significantly depending on whether hybrid RANS-LES or unsteady RANS is employed for the flow simulation

    Fast all-optical nuclear spin echo technique based on EIT

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    We demonstrate an all-optical Raman spin echo technique, using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) to create the different pulses of the spin echo sequence: initialization, pi-rotation, and readout. The first pulse of the sequence induces coherence directly from a mixed state, and the technique is used to measure the nuclear spin coherence of an inhomogeneously broadened ensemble of rare-earth ions (Pr3+^{3+}). In contrast to previous experiments it does not require any preparatory hole burning pulse sequences, which greatly shortens the total duration of the sequence. The effect of the different pulses is characterized by quantum state tomography and is compared with simulations. We demonstrate two applications of the technique by using the spin echo sequence to accurately compensate a magnetic field across our sample, and to measure the coherence time at high temperatures up to 11 K, where standard preparation techniques are difficult to implement. We explore the potential of the technique and possible applications.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

    Gait analysis of unprovoked pig gait on clean and fouled concrete surfaces

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    Inadequate floor properties are considered the primary cause of the majority of claw disorders in pigs but to date no clear relationship has been found between claw disorders and floor properties such as friction and surface abrasiveness. To determine this relationship, the factors controlling pig gait must be characterised. This study examined unprovoked pig gait on a concrete floor in clean conditions and compared it with gait in fouled floor conditions. Kinematics were used to record gait parameters such as walking speed, stride length, swing and stance time, stride elevation together with limb support phases, gait symmetry, diagonality and duty factor. On clean floors, pigs had an unprovoked symmetrical gait with alternating two- and three-beat support phases and a high rate of diagonality. Stride length, swing and stance time and stride elevation showed little variation. Pigs altered their gait in accordance with floor conditions to maintain gait control by reducing walking speed, lowering diagonality and employing more three-limb support phases. Pigs also shortened their stride length and prolonged their stance time

    What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger? The Impact of the 1918 Spanish Flu Epidemic on Economic Performance in Sweden

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    We study the impact of the 1918 inïŹ‚uenza pandemic on economic performance in Sweden. The pandemic was one of the severest and deadliest pandemics in human history, but it has hitherto received only scant attention in the economic literature – despite important implications for modern-day pandemics. In this paper, we exploit seemingly exogenous variation in incidence rates between Swedish regions to estimate the impact of the pandemic. Using difference-in-differences and high-quality administrative data from Sweden, we estimate the eïŹ€ects on earnings, capital returns and poverty. We find that the pandemic led to a significant increase in poverty rates. There is also relatively strong evidence that capital returns were negatively aïŹ€ected by the pandemic. On the other hand, we ïŹnd robust evidence that the influenza had no discernible effect on earnings. This finding is surprising since it goes against most previous empirical studies as well as theoretical predictions

    Trafikolyckor med traktorer

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    Lantbruket rankas konsekvent som en av de mest riskfyllda sektorerna i Sverige sĂ„vĂ€l som i mĂ„nga andra delar av vĂ€rlden. Förutom lidande för den enskilde berĂ€knas dödliga och icke dödliga skador i svenskt lantbruk kosta samhĂ€llet 2 – 3 miljarder kr per Ă„r. I Sverige intrĂ€ffade det cirka 5 000 olyckor pĂ„ jordbruksföretag 2004. Detta innebar att minst en olycka intrĂ€ffade pĂ„ 8% av svenska gĂ„rdar som resulterade i kroppslig skada och som utgjorde hinder i arbetet. Förutom de mĂ„nga olycksfall som intrĂ€ffar pĂ„ gĂ„rdar, Ă€r Ă€ven lantbrukarna inblandade i kollisioner med traktorer och andra lĂ„ngsamtgĂ„ende fordon (LGF) pĂ„ vĂ€gar utanför gĂ„rdarna. Dessa kollisioner leder ofta till skador bland lantbrukare, familjemedlemmar, lantarbetare och andra trafikanter. Syftet med denna studie var att nĂ„ en bĂ€ttre förstĂ„else av olyckor med traktorer pĂ„ de svenska vĂ€garna i ett Ă„ldersperspektiv och föreslĂ„ strategier att förebygga olyckorna. Tillsammans med Statistiska CentralbyrĂ„n (SCB) och Myndigheten Trafikanalys utsorterades information om polisrapporterade incidenter med traktorer och andra LGF frĂ„n 1992 till 2009. Endast dödliga skador och skador som ledde till fysisk skada valdes. Totalt intrĂ€ffade 3218 olyckor med LGF som ledde till dödsfall eller fysiska skador under tidsperioden 1992-2009. I cirka 72% (2305) av dessa olycksfall var traktorer inblandade i vilka 3439 personer blev dödade eller skadade. Under denna tidsperiod var traktorer i genomsnitt inblandade i 128 trafikolyckor Ă„rligen dĂ€r i genomsnitt 6,6 personer dödades, 40 blev allvarligt skadade och 144 lindrigt skadade. BĂ„de antal olyckor och antal skadade personer totalt sett under perioden hĂ„ller sig pĂ„ en relativt konstant nivĂ„. DĂ€remot kan man konstatera att de svĂ„rare olyckorna minskar i antal medan de lindriga ökar. I den fördjupade analysen studerades 1226 olyckor dĂ€r fordon med karosserityp ”traktor” varit inblandade (dvs ej t.ex. EPA-traktorer och enaxlade traktorer, A-traktor) och dĂ€r uppgifter om traktorförarnas Ă„ldrar fanns tillgĂ€ngliga. I dessa olyckor var 2981 förare och passagerare i olika fordon inblandade och dĂ€r 75 dödades, 426 skadades svĂ„rt och 1395 fick lindriga skador. MedelĂ„ldern för de inblandade traktorförarna var 44 Ă„r (SD 18,8), de flesta var i Ă„ldern 25 till 55 Ă„r. Men de flesta av de traktorförare som dödades eller skadades tillhörde de yngre och Ă€ldre Ă„ldersgrupperna. Detta gĂ€llde Ă€ven för förarna i de andra inblandade fordonen. Det var personbilar som oftast var inblandade i traktorkollisionerna (62%). I dessa olyckor var de Ă€ldre traktorförarna oftare inblandade (66-68%). Cirka 12% var singelolyckor med traktorer dĂ€r förarna i Ă„ldersgruppen 12-16 Ă„r var överrepresenterade (26%), De flesta olyckorna dĂ€r traktorer varit inblandade intrĂ€ffade: ‱ vid avsvĂ€ng frĂ„n vĂ€g (30%), sĂ€rskilt för de Ă€ldre förarna (35%). De unga traktorförarna var oftare inblandade i singel- och mötesolyckor Ă€n genomsnittet. ‱ under dagtid mellan kl 15-17 och kl 11-13. ‱ under september (14%), augusti (12%), juni (10%) och oktober (10%) ‱ ganska jĂ€mt fördelat pĂ„ arbetsdagar (14-17%) med en minskning pĂ„ lördagar (13%) och söndagar (9%). ‱ i dagsljus (76%), i synnerhet för de Ă€ldsta traktorförare (88%) ‱ i uppehĂ„llsvĂ€der (86%). ‱ i 66% av fallen pĂ„ torra vĂ€gar, 21% vĂ„ta eller fuktiga, och i 11% var vĂ€garna isiga eller snöiga. ‱ pĂ„ vĂ€gar med hastighetsbegrĂ€nsning 70 km/t (39%) och 90 km/t (38%). PĂ„ 90-vĂ€garna Ă€r det sĂ€rskilt de Ă€ldsta traktorförarna som Ă€r inblandade i olyckorna. ‱ utanför stadsomrĂ„det (79%). ‱ i SkĂ„ne (20%) och i VĂ€stra Götalands lĂ€n (17%). I SkĂ„ne intrĂ€ffar det flest traktorolyckor i Kristianstads kommun (12%). Det Ă€r viktigt att pĂ„peka att statistiken för traktorolyckorna baseras pĂ„ hĂ€ndelser som resulterat i en polisanmĂ€lan. Det Ă€r vĂ€l kĂ€nt att mĂ„nga trafikskador inte kommer till polisens kĂ€nnedom. DĂ€rför torde olycksstatistiken i denna studie vara Ă€nnu högre i verkligheten. I föreliggande studie var de vanligaste trafiksituationerna dĂ„ olyckorna intrĂ€ffade: att svĂ€nga av frĂ„n vĂ€g, speciellt vĂ€nstersvĂ€ngar, följt av olyckor i korsnings samt pĂ„körningar bakifrĂ„n. VĂ€nstersvĂ€ngsolyckorna uppkommer nĂ€r traktorföraren försöker svĂ€nga av Ă„t vĂ€nster medan en bilist passerar. Kollisioner bakifrĂ„n uppstĂ„r pĂ„ grund av att bilisten inte ser traktorn i tid. Enligt en svensk studie av körskolelĂ€rares Ă„sikter om varför trafikolyckorna intrĂ€ffar var orsakerna: bristen pĂ„ traktorernas synlighet och skillnaden i hastighet mellan de inblandade fordonen. Traktorer förflyttar sig frĂ€mst i lĂ„ga hastigheter, mindre Ă€n 30 km/t, medan bilisterna ofta kör i hastigheter i 90 km/t. Denna skillnad i hastighet Ă€r den vanligaste bidragande faktorn för kollisioner dĂ€r bilisten inte hinner sĂ€nka hastigheten i tid. De Ă€ldre var sĂ€rskilt inblandade i incidenter under augusti till oktober. En möjlig förklaring till dessa hĂ€ndelser Ă€r den ökade stress och trötthet som orsakas av lĂ„nga arbetstider under skördemĂ„naderna i kombination med att den Ă€ldre generationen i allmĂ€nhet har minskad motstĂ„ndskraft mot stress och trötthet. Traktorolyckor med förare i de yngre Ă„ldersgrupperna ökade under skollov. De flesta trafikolyckor med lantbruksfordon intrĂ€ffade sen eftermiddag nĂ€r pendeltrafikanter Ă€r pĂ„ vĂ€g hem frĂ„n jobbet och lantbrukarna sannolikt Ă„tervĂ€nder frĂ„n sina fĂ€ltarbeten. Vid ett trafiksĂ€kerhetsseminarium som anordnades tillsammans med Sveriges Trafikskolors Riksförbund (STR) diskuterades projektets resultat och möjliga insatser för att öka trafiksĂ€kerheten vid traktorkörning pĂ„ allmĂ€n vĂ€g samt fortsatt forskning. Det ansĂ„gs angelĂ€get att bl.a. förbĂ€ttra utbildningen av bĂ„de traktorförare och medtrafikanter, bĂ€ttre vĂ€gar och översyn av existerande ”trafikhinder” dĂ€r lantbrukstransporter Ă€r vanliga samt öka synligheten av traktorerna avseende fungerande belysning, bra reflexer, etc. Fortsatt forskning efterlystes gĂ€llande förares attityder till sĂ€kerhet och beteenden, studier av samband mellan alkohol och traktorolycksfall, samband mellan olycksfall och antal traktorer samt kontinuerlig uppföljning av statistik om olyckor med traktorer i trafiken

    Scalable designs for quantum computing with rare-earth-ion-doped crystals

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    Due to inhomogeneous broadening, the absorption lines of rare-earth-ion dopands in crystals are many order of magnitudes wider than the homogeneous linewidths. Several ways have been proposed to use ions with different inhomogeneous shifts as qubit registers, and to perform gate operations between such registers by means of the static dipole coupling between the ions. In this paper we show that in order to implement high-fidelity quantum gate operations by means of the static dipole interaction, we require the participating ions to be strongly coupled, and that the density of such strongly coupled registers in general scales poorly with register size. Although this is critical to previous proposals which rely on a high density of functional registers, we describe architectures and preparation strategies that will allow scalable quantum computers based on rare-earth-ion doped crystals.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.

    Ein Ur III-Text aus MĂŒnsteraner Privatbesitz

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    Uppsatsen behandlar hur USA: s president George W Bush anvĂ€nder civilreligiösa inslag i sin retorik under sitt första Ă„r som president. Han startade Ă€mbetsperioden med att anvĂ€nda religiösa anspelningar i sitt installationstal., för att sedan fortsĂ€tta i samma anda hela Ă„ret. Bush Ă€r inte den första presidenten att anvĂ€nda sĂ„dana retoriska knep. Ända sedan USA: s grundande har presidenterna förstĂ€rkt sin talarkonst genom att hĂ€nvisa till Gud och att landet Ă€r utvalt av Gud - ett nytt Israel. Landets presidenter har alltid varit mer eller mindre övertygade om att Gud stĂ„r pĂ„ USA: s sida. Detta trots att det första tillĂ€gget i USA: s konstitution föreskriver en separation mellan religion ochstat. Uppsatsen analyseras utifrĂ„n en innehĂ„llsanalys, som Ă€r en vanlig metod för att analysera politiska tal. VĂ„r innehĂ„llsanalys bestĂ„r av Ă„tta olika kategorier som speglar Bushs civilreligiösa retorik vĂ€l. Resultatet visar att Bush som president anser att det Ă€r sjĂ€lvklart att en amerikansk president har en gudstro. Han anvĂ€nder ett religiöst sprĂ„kbruk genom att citera ur Bibeln och Koranen i sina offentliga framtrĂ€danden. Han sĂ€ger sig vara övertygad om att USA Ă€r utvalt av Gud att styra över vĂ€rlden. En stor del av Bushs civilreligiösa retorik gĂ„r att hitta i att han försöker ena nationen genom att hĂ€nvisa till landets historia. Han visar ofta hur krigshjĂ€ltar och presidenter har offrat sina liv för USA. Vi anser att Bush anvĂ€nder civilreligiös retorik för att ena nationen vid svĂ„ra tillfĂ€llen. Efter terrorattacken den 11: e september 2001 ökar frekvensen av civilreligion hos Bush. Det Ă€r tydligt att den amerikanske presidenten vill ena en nation i chock. Vi menar ocksĂ„ att det av tradition förvĂ€ntas att USA:s president har ett civilreligiöst sprĂ„kbruk. Vi menar att Bush anvĂ€nder civilreligionen som en ursĂ€kt för att inte genomföra reella politiska förĂ€ndringar i samhĂ€llet
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