The effect of experimental hyperthyroidism on the activity of Hexokinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Acunitase in the brain of rat during development

تحقیقات انجام شده بر روی تاثیر هورمون های تیروئیدی در متابولیسم انرژی بیانگر افزایش مصرف اکسیژن در اکثر بافت های بدن می باشد، اما این امر در مغز مشاهده نمی شود. از آنجا که گلوکز منبع اصلی تولید انرژی در مغز است، در این تحقیق اثر هورمون های تیروئیدی بر روی فعالیت آنزیم های هگزوکیناز، لاکتات دهیدروژناز و آکونیتاز همراه با اندازه گیری غلظت گلوکز و گلیکوژن در مغز Rat مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشاندهنده افزایش فعالیت آنزیم های هگزوکیناز و لاکتات دهیدروژناز و عدم تغییر در فعالیت آنزیم آکونیتاز و میزان گلوکز و گلیکوژن می باشد. تاثیر بر افزایش فعالیت آنزیم های هگزوکیناز و لاکتات دهیدروژناز می تواند در راستای اثر این هورمون ها بر روی افزایش فعالیت این آنزیم ها در سایر سلول های بدن قرار گیرد، اما عدم تاثیر بر روی فعالیت آنزیم آکونیتاز بیانگر عدم تاثیر هورمون ها بر روی میتوکندری سلول های بافت مغز بر خلاف سایر سلول های بدن است. در توجیه این امر وجود رسپتور بر روی غشاء میتوکندری بافت های حساس به هورمون تیروئید و تعداد بسیار کم این گیرنده ها در سطح میتوکندری سلول های مغز می تواند موثر باشد. اما هنوز بدرستی مشخص نیست که اتصال هورمون به این رسپتورها به چه منظور صورت می پذیرد

Validity of naked eye single tube red cell osmotic fragility test (NESTROFT) in screening of beta-thalassemia trait

زمینه و هدف: تالاسمی متداولترین اختلال تک ژنی است که رهایی از آن از طریق درمان قطعی ممکن نبوده و مستلزم پیشگیری از طریق به کارگیری یک روش قابل اعتماد و کم هزینه برای غربالگری ناقلین و در مرحله بعد ارایه آموزش، مشاوره ژنتیک، تشخیص قبل از تولد و خاتمه انتخابی به زندگی جنین های مبتلا به این اختلال است. هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی تست اسموتیک تک لوله ای چشمی گلبول های قرمز (NESTROFT) به عنوان یک تست غربالگری در راستای کشف مبتلایان به بتاتالاسمی مینور بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی، تست NESTROFT بر روی 158 نفر متشکل از 51 نفر فرزندان والدینی که حداقل یکی از بچه های آنها دارای بتا تالاسمی ماژور بود، 51 فرد طبیعی و 56 فرد از مبتلایان به فقر آهن انجام شد. داده های حاصل به کمک آزمون های آماری آنالیز واریانس یک راهه و آزمون تعقیبی دانت تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج، حساسیت و ارزش اخباری منفی تست NESTROFT 100 بوده و با توجه به 14 مورد نتیجه مثبت کاذب ناشی از فقر آهن، ویژگی آن 9/86 و ارزش اخباری مثبت تست 5/78 می باشد. نتیجه گیری: تست NESTROFTدر عین کم هزینه بودن و سهولت انجام، حساسیت بالایی برای کشف بتا تالاسمی مینور داشته و می توان از آن در کشورهای در حال توسعه با منابع اقتصادی و تکنیکی محدود از قبیل ایران در مقیاس وسیع جهت غربالگری توده ای استفاده نمود

The effect of carvacrol on the growth inhibition and genomic destruction in prostatic cancer cells using comet assay technique

زمینه و هدف: امروزه، سرطان ها یکی از بزرگترین نگرانی های جوامع بشری است. ترکیبات پلی فنلی و آنتی اکسیدان ها به عنوان یک فاکتور مهم و کلیدی در پیشگیری و یا درمان انواع سرطان ها به خوبی معرفی شده اند. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثر کارواکرول به عنوان یک ماده آنتی اکسیدانی قوی بر مهار رشد و میزان تخریب ژنوم رده سلول سرطانی PC3 پروستات انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی آزمایشگاهی، سلول های سرطانی PC3 پروستات با غلظت های مختلف کارواکرول تیمار و درصد زیست پذیری سلول ها به کمک روش رنگ سنجی تترازولیوم (MTT) اندازه گیری و سپس غلظت مهارکنندگی 50 درصد رشد سلول‌ها (IC50) محاسبه شد.در قدم بعدی، الکتروفورز قلیایی با توجه به IC50 برای سه غلظت 130، 230 و 360 میکرومولار از کارواکرول انجام و 100 عدد تصویر کامت های ایجاد شده با استفاده از نرم افزار CASP آنالیز گردید. یافته ها: بر اساس مدل پروبیت میزان IC50 کارواکرول برای سلول های PC3 360 میکرومولار بدست آمد. در آزمون الکتروفورز قلیایی، نسبت طول کامت به قطر سلول در غلظت های 130، 230 و 360 میکرومولار به ترتیب برابر 2/1±15/9، 4/2±38/7 و 2/0±65/3 درصد مشاهده شد. نتیجه گیری: کارواکرول به عنوان یک ترکیب پلی فنلی موثر در درمان سرطان ها به طور بالقوه ای می تواند ژنوم سلول های PC3 مشتق از سرطان پروستات را تخریب کند. تخریب ژنوم سلول های PC3 در غلظت های نزدیک به IC50 بسیار محسوس تر است

Generation of Quantum Photon Information Using Extremely Narrow Optical Tweezers for Computer Network Communication

A system of microring resonator (MRR) is presentedto generate extremely narrow optical tweezers. An add/dropfilter system consisting of one centered ring and one smaller ringon the left side can be used to generate extremely narrow pulseof optical tweezers. Optical tweezers generated by the dark-Gaussian behavior propagate via the MRRs system, where theinput Gaussian pulse controls the output signal at the drop portof the system. Here the output optical tweezers can be connectedto a quantum signal processing system (receiver), where it can beused to generate high capacity quantum codes within series ofMRR’s and an add/drop filter. Detection of the encoded signalsknown as quantum bits can be done by the receiver unit system.Generated entangled photon pair propagates via an opticalcommunication link. Here, the result of optical tweezers with fullwidth at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.3 nm, 0.8 nm and 1.6 nm,1.3 nm are obtained at the through and drop ports of the systemrespectively. These results used to be transmitted through aquantum signal processor via an optical computer networkcommunication link

Digital Binary Codes Transmission via TDMA Networks Communication System Using Dark and Bright Optical Soliton

In this study, new system of microring resonator forquantum cryptography in network communication is proposed.optical potential well can be generated and propagate via anonlinear modified add/drop interferometer systemincorporated with a beam splitter and a time division multipleaccess (TDMA) system wherein the quantum binary codes canbe generated, propagated and transmitted. A system known asoptical multiplexer can be used to increase the channel capacityand security of the signals, where the beam splitters generatehigh capacity of binary codes within the proposed system.Therefore, ring resonator system is used to form the opticalpotential wells. The multiplexed potential wells are formed andtransmit via an available link, where the logic codes can be sentout with different time, used for high capacity transmission ofthe secured data. In this work narrow pulses with FHHM of 9.57nm and 8 nm could be obtained from the drop and throughports of the add/drop interferometer system respectively. Theoutputs of different center wavelengths are combined and usedto generate multiple potential well signals, where the multiplesignals with FWHM and FSR of 0.8 nm and 5 nm could beobtained respectively. Digital codes can be generated andtransmitted via communication networks systems such as timedivision multiple access (TDMA) using dark and bright solitonpulses with FHHM and FSR of 0.54 nm and 4.71 nm

On the Energy Dependence of Galactic Cosmic Ray Anisotropies in the Very Local Interstellar Medium

We report on the energy dependence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) in the very local interstellar medium (VLISM) as measured by the Low Energy Charged Particle (LECP) instrument on the Voyager 1 (V1) spacecraft. The LECP instrument includes a dual-ended solid state detector particle telescope mechanically scanning through 360 deg across eight equally-spaced angular sectors. As reported previously, LECP measurements showed a dramatic increase in GCR intensities for all sectors of the >=211 MeV count rate (CH31) at the V1 heliopause (HP) crossing in 2012, however, since then the count rate data have demonstrated systematic episodes of intensity decrease for particles around 90{\deg} pitch angle. To shed light on the energy dependence of these GCR anisotropies over a wide range of energies, we use V1 LECP count rate and pulse height analyzer (PHA) data from >=211 MeV channel together with lower energy LECP channels. Our analysis shows that while GCR anisotropies are present over a wide range of energies, there is a decreasing trend in the amplitude of second-order anisotropy with increasing energy during anisotropy episodes. A stronger pitch-angle scattering at the higher velocities is argued as a potential cause for this energy dependence. A possible cause for this velocity dependence arising from weak rigidity dependence of the scattering mean free path and resulting velocity-dominated scattering rate is discussed. This interpretation is consistent with a recently reported lack of corresponding GCR electron anisotropies

Statistical Study of Mercury’s Energetic Electron Events as Observed by the Gamma‐Ray and Neutron Spectrometer Instrument Onboard MESSENGER

We present results from a statistical analysis of Mercury’s energetic electron (EE) events as observed by the gamma‐ray and neutron spectrometer instrument onboard the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. The main objective of this study is to investigate possible anisotropic behavior of EE events using multiple data sets from MESSENGER instruments. We study the data from the neutron spectrometer (NS) and the gamma‐ray spectrometer anticoincidence shield (ACS) because they use the same type of borated plastic scintillator and, hence, they have very similar response functions, and their large surface areas make them more sensitive to low‐intensity EE events than MESSENGER’s particle instrumentation. The combined analysis of NS and ACS data reveals two different classes of energetic electrons: “Standard” events and “ACS‐enhanced” events. Standard events, which comprise over 90% of all events, have signal sizes that are the same in both the ACS and NS. They are likely gyrating particles about Mercury’s magnetic field following a 90° pitch angle distribution and are located in well‐defined latitude and altitude regions within Mercury’s magnetosphere. ACS‐enhanced events, which comprise less than 10% of all events, have signal sizes in the ACS that are 10 to 100 times larger than those observed by the NS. They follow a beam‐like distribution and are observed both inside and outside Mercury’s magnetosphere with a wider range of latitudes and altitudes than Standard events. The difference between the Standard and ACS‐enhanced event characteristics suggests distinct underyling acceleration mechanisms.Key PointsA comprehensive survey of energetic electron (EE) events observed with the neutron spectrometer (NS) and the gamma‐ray spectrometer anticoincidence shield (ACS) is conductedThe majority of EE events detected in the NS are also detected in the ACS and appear to be composed of gyrating, drifting electronsACS‐only and ACS‐enhanced events exhibit a significantly different spatial and temporal characteristics compared with the other EE event classesPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145319/1/jgra54299_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145319/2/jgra54299.pd

The case for studying other planetary magnetospheres and atmospheres in Heliophysics

Heliophysics is the field that "studies the nature of the Sun, and how it influences the very nature of space - and, in turn, the atmospheres of planetary bodies and the technology that exists there." However, NASA's Heliophysics Division tends to limit study of planetary magnetospheres and atmospheres to only those of Earth. This leaves exploration and understanding of space plasma physics at other worlds to the purview of the Planetary Science and Astrophysics Divisions. This is detrimental to the study of space plasma physics in general since, although some cross-divisional funding opportunities do exist, vital elements of space plasma physics can be best addressed by extending the expertise of Heliophysics scientists to other stellar and planetary magnetospheres. However, the diverse worlds within the solar system provide crucial environmental conditions that are not replicated at Earth but can provide deep insight into fundamental space plasma physics processes. Studying planetary systems with Heliophysics objectives, comprehensive instrumentation, and new grant opportunities for analysis and modeling would enable a novel understanding of fundamental and universal processes of space plasma physics. As such, the Heliophysics community should be prepared to consider, prioritize, and fund dedicated Heliophysics efforts to planetary targets to specifically study space physics and aeronomy objectives

New Frontiers-class Uranus Orbiter: Exploring the feasibility of achieving multidisciplinary science with a mid-scale mission

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Neptune Odyssey: A Flagship Concept for the Exploration of the Neptune–Triton System

The Neptune Odyssey mission concept is a Flagship-class orbiter and atmospheric probe to the Neptune-Triton system. This bold mission of exploration would orbit an ice-giant planet to study the planet, its rings, small satellites, space environment, and the planet-sized moon Triton. Triton is a captured dwarf planet from the Kuiper Belt, twin of Pluto, and likely ocean world. Odyssey addresses Neptune system-level science, with equal priorities placed on Neptune, its rings, moons, space environment, and Triton. Between Uranus and Neptune, the latter is unique in providing simultaneous access to both an ice giant and a Kuiper Belt dwarf planet. The spacecraft - in a class equivalent to the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini spacecraft - would launch by 2031 on a Space Launch System or equivalent launch vehicle and utilize a Jupiter gravity assist for a 12 yr cruise to Neptune and a 4 yr prime orbital mission; alternatively a launch after 2031 would have a 16 yr direct-to-Neptune cruise phase. Our solution provides annual launch opportunities and allows for an easy upgrade to the shorter (12 yr) cruise. Odyssey would orbit Neptune retrograde (prograde with respect to Triton), using the moon's gravity to shape the orbital tour and allow coverage of Triton, Neptune, and the space environment. The atmospheric entry probe would descend in ~37 minutes to the 10 bar pressure level in Neptune's atmosphere just before Odyssey's orbit-insertion engine burn. Odyssey's mission would end by conducting a Cassini-like "Grand Finale,"passing inside the rings and ultimately taking a final great plunge into Neptune's atmosphere