We lack evidence to call Jatropha invasive

FLWNAinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Field Redefinitions at Finite Density

The apparent dependence of nuclear matter observables on off-shell properties of the two-nucleon potential is re-examined in the context of the effective field theory (EFT) approach. Finite density (thermodynamic) observables are invariant under field redefinitions, which extends the well-known theorem about the invariance of S-matrix elements. Simple examples demonstrate how field redefinitions can shift contributions between purely off-shell two-body interactions and many-body forces, leaving both scattering and finite-density observables unchanged. If only the transformed two-body potentials are kept, however, the nuclear matter binding curves will depend on the off-shell part (generating ``Coester bands''). The correspondence between field redefinitions and unitary transformations, which have traditionally been used to generate ``phase-equivalent'' nucleon-nucleon potentials, is also demonstrated.Comment: 23 pages, RevTex, 9 ps figures, included with epsf.tex, minor change

Relationship between Rewards and Nurses’ work Motivation in Addis Ababa Hospitals

Background: Nurses constitute the largest human resource element and have a great impact on quality of care and patient outcomes in health care organizations. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between rewards and nurse motivation on public hospitals administrated by Addis Ababa health bureau.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to December 2010 in 5 public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Among 794 nurses, 259 were selected as sample. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire. After the data was collected, it was analysed using SPSS version16.0 statistical software. The results were analysed in terms of descriptive statistics followed by inferential statistics on the variables.Results: A total of 230 questionnaires were returned from 259 questionnaires distributed to respondents. Results of the study revealed that nurses are not motivated and there is a statistical significant relationship between rewards and the nurse work motivation and a payment is the most important and more influential variable. Furthermore, there is significant difference in nurse work motivation based on age, educational qualification and work experience while there is no significant difference in nurse work motivation based on gender.Conclusion: The study shows that nurses are less motivated by rewards they received while rewards have significant and positive contribution for nurse motivation. Therefore, both hospital administrators’ and Addis Ababa health bureau should revise the existing nurse motivation strategy.Keywords: Rewards, Nurses, Motivation, Public HospitalsEthiop J Health Sci. Vol. 22, No. 2 July 201

Economic Impact of Biofuel Investment in Ethiopia: A Review

Ethiopia is a developing nation which depends entirely on the import of fuels from the oil producing countries. This import of fuel constitutes about 60% of the total imports with every single year. As in the rest of the world, the rise of oil prices is increasingly becoming a big challenge for the economy of the country. The share of fuel in import currency has been increase steadily in recent years, and it is expected to grow even sharper following higher demand due to economic growth. This takes up the lion share of the country’s foreign exchange earnings. In recent years attempts have been made by the Government of Ethiopia to facilitate policies that encourage the reduction of petroleum consumption by shifting to biofuels. Biofuels are seeing large-scale production worldwide in recent years. The IEA (2004) projections that annual global production of ethanol will increase to 120 billion liters by 2020, more than two folds from the 50 billion liters produced in 2005 (Banse et al., 2007). Production of biodiesel is expected to increase to 12 billion liters from its level of 1.8 billion liters in 2004(IEA, 2004).Many countries have high targets of expanding biofuels. The EU, for example, aims to blend 10% of its transport fuel consumption by biofuels as of 2020 while India plans to meet 20% by 2017 and Brazil is planning to expand its biofuel exports. Ethiopia has entered in to a 10% blend of bio-ethanol. There are various underlying reasons for the big attention biofuels are enjoying today. Biofuels are claimed to provide a “triple solution” to the problems of poverty, climate change and energy security. Biofuels have arguably low greenhouse gas emissions which make them preferable over other polluting petroleum fuels. They also provide high economic gains by offering an alternative to fossil fuels whose prices are rising rapidly, while, in the production side, enabling rural job creation. Besides, relying on biofuels enhances energy security, reduces oil imports and improves domestic supply (Addisu, 2008). Addisu (2008) argues that rising oil prices, increasing global energy demand and technological improvements are expected to further facilitate biofuel production by improving the commercial feasibility of producing and transporting biofuels around the world. The advent of bioengineering and other technologies is expected to make the future prospect of biofuels even more promising. On the other hand, there is skepticism with concerns that biofuels will open a ‘Pandora’s box’ of environmental, social and economic problems (Mayat, 2007). It is argued that the sustainability of biofuel production and the socio-economic impacts of expanded biofuel production are not definitely known. Such literature reviewed is important to have an understanding about the impact of bio-fuel investment in Ethiopian condition

Determinants of Ethiopian Trade Performance to Its Bordering Region: A Gravity Model Approach

International trade has increasingly become a keystone of economic prosperity in many countries of the world. Ethiopia is the one which benefits from foreign trade. Therefore, the main focus of this paper is to identify factors influencing Ethiopian trade performance within the bordering countries such as Djibouti, Kenya and Sudan. The gravity model of trade was employed for the purpose. A gravity model based on a panel data for the period of 19 years (1991-2009) of sample countries was estimated by random effect estimators. The coefficients obtained are then used to predict the basic total trade and export trade potentials for Ethiopia. As a result, we found that the total trade flow was determined by Ethiopia per capital GDP, the product of the GDP of Ethiopia and its trading partners, weighted distance between Ethiopia and the bordering region and Per capita GDP differential. Ethiopia total exports trade to the bordering region is also affected by the GDP of the trading partners, per capita GDP of the exporting country and real bilateral exchange rate. The results of this study indicate that a depreciation of the real exchange rate would affect the international competitiveness of Ethiopian exports, therefore, we recommend Depreciation of a country's real exchange rate because it will cause a gain in competitiveness of that country and government needs also to pay adequate attention to destination markets with cheaper transport costs. Keywords: Gravity Model, Ethiopia Border Trade

Determinants of vegetable income in the supply chain of perishable agricultural products

The main theme of this thesis is to analyze the impact of supply chain of perishable agricultural products on income derived from vegetables. The study is conducted particularly focusing on irrigation cooperatives located in the southern zone of Tigray. This is due to the highest number of irrigation cooperatives members in the region. Among the vegetables the particular emphasis of the study is on income derived from three vegetables. These are onion, potato and tomato. These vegetables are preferred, on one hand for the reason that they are major sources of income in irrigation cooperatives, and on the other hand for the reason that there are so many constraints in relation to the perishable nature of the products which affects the producer’s income. A total of 120 households from vegetables producers irrigation cooperatives (16 female headed households and 104 male headed households) drawn from two southern zone Woredas. To collect the necessary data for the analysis structured and pre tested questionnaires are used. Focused group discussion and key informant interview are also conducted. Secondary data on basic agricultural and population is also collected to strengthen the analysis. The analysis is conducted using descriptive statistics and empirically. The analysis of the collected data showed that most of the households are illiterate (40.8%). The average age of the households is 40.03 years. The average family size is about 5.41 of which the active labor force is 3. The average land holding is about 0.47 hectare per household of which 0.25 hectares of land on averages used for vegetable production per household. The average ownership of livestock is 4.34 TLU. The majority of the households in the study area become a member of irrigation cooperative voluntarily. The majority of the households identified that irrigation water management and provision of fertilizer as a major benefit obtained from the cooperative. The average years of experience as a vegetable producer of the households is 6.7 years and as cooperative members the average years are 4.6. The income sources of the households are both from agricultural and non agricultural income sources. The average income the households received in the crop year 2008/09 was 10,672.15 birr. Of the total income the average income from off farm activities was 1,095.25 (10.26%) birr. From agricultural activities the households on average received 1267.45 (11.9%), 6,719.83 (62.97%), 1589.61 (14.9%) and 6.66 birr from crops, vegetables, livestock and bee colony respectively. The xvi total income received from sold onion, potato and tomatoes were 806,380 birr in the study area. A total of 748 quintal of onion, 662 quintal of potato and 953 quintal of tomatoes were sold in the production year 2008/09. The average price received per quintal for onion, potato and tomatoes were 364.34 birr, 352.65 birr and 315.20 birr respectively. This income was the highest income received by the households from agricultural income sources. From the identified market channels the channel that stretched as producer – wholesaler retailers, producer – cooperatives – wholesalers - consumers, and producer – wholesalers - out of region are some of the forms of supply chain used for vegetables by the produces. In the supply chain of vegetables wholesalers are found to be the dominant buyers of vegetables. Among the constraints of income from vegetables land size, fertilizer in terms of its cost, perishable nature of the product, shortage of improved seed, irrigation water shortage, storage, technical assistance both for production and marketing, lack of training from the cooperatives and disease and pests are among the major ten rated constraints of income from vegetables. The econometrics result for the determinants of income from vegetables, among the hypothesized seventeen variables six of them found significant. These are vegetable post harvest loss, crop income, distance from major market, distance from major road, off farm income and livestock income. Livestock income is the only variable which affects vegetable income positively. Post harvest loss and crop income are highly significant factors to affect income from vegetables. Other variables like land size, credit, extension service, price information and improved seeds are not significant as expected though they exhibited positive relationship with vegetable income. Based on the constraints to increase income from vegetables, improving the availability and developing ways in reducing the price of inputs, developing drought resistance varieties of seeds, developing crop insurance schemes with minimum premiums, developing farm plan budget, analyzing the cost benefit of market choice, analyzing the opportunity cost of crop and vegetable production are some of the recommendations suggested to increase income of the households in the production of vegetables

Climate Change Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategy in Ethiopia: A Review

Review of long-term climate data for Ethiopia shows increasing rainfall for some regions and decreasing rainfall for others with temperature rising for all regions (Energy Group of ECSNCC Network, 2011). Global circulation models predict a 1.7-2.1ºC rise in Ethiopia's mean temperature by 2050 (EPA, 2012). Average annual temperatures nationwide are expected to rise 3.1°C by 2060, and 5.1°C by 2090 (Kidanu et al., 2009). In addition, precipitation is projected to decrease from an annual average of 2.04 mm/day (1961-1990) to 1.97 mm/day (2070-2099), for a cumulative decline in rainfall by 25.5 mm/year (Kidanu et al., 2009). This could cause food insecurity, outbreak of diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, cholera and dysentery, malnutrition, land degradation and damage to infrastructure (Kidanu et al., 2009; Adem and Bewket, 2011; Adem and Guta, 20011; Oates et al., 2011; EPA, 2012).   The current development plan, GTP, envisages the country’s GDP per capita to grow from 378 USD in 2010 to 1271 USD in 2025. It also projects that the contribution of agriculture will diminish from 42% to 29% indicating migration of jobs from the agriculture sector to industry and services, which are expected to contribute 32% and 39% of the GDP (FDRE, CRGE, 2011). The GTP explicitly recognizes that environment is a vital and important pillar of sustainable development, and states that “building a ‘Green Economy’ and ongoing implementation of environmental laws are among the key strategic directions to be pursued during the plan period” (MoFED, 2010; EPA, 2012). To protect its citizens from such devastating catastrophe and to attain its vision of becoming a middle income country by 2025, the government of Ethiopia has adopted a climate resilient green economy strategy to keep its development objectives on track in the context of a changing climate

Chapter 9 Lessons in fiscal federalism for Somalia

Somalia adopted the Provisional Constitution in 2012 and declared itself a federal republic. However, a functioning fiscal arrangement is yet to emerge despite tax reform efforts in Mogadishu and consultations between the federal government and member states. If federalism is to remain Somalia’s preference, important choices will have to be made. In reviewing the literature, analysing gaps in the Provisional Constitution, and assessing current practices, this chapter brings to light lessons that could be applied in formalising fiscal federalism in Somalia. These relate, inter alia, to the assignment of functions and revenue sources, the sharing of natural resource revenue, and the strengthening of financial and administrative structures at all levels. The chapter also highlights the need to broaden the federal government’s taxation and spending powers beyond the Benadir region, to create a common economic space, and to ensure access to public goods for all

DISPOSABLE RESIDUE OF TRADITIONALLY FERMENTED ETHIOPIAN LOCAL BEER (TELLA) FOR QUANTITATIVE UPTAKE OF PESTICIDE POLLUTANTS FROM CONTAMINATED WATERS

This major aim of this study was centered at developing a novel analytical method that enable quantitative uptake of multiclass pesticide pollutants from contaminated aqueous solution using a biosorbent obtained as a solid residue from fermented traditional alcoholic beverage; Tella. The solid residue considered in the study, also called Local Beer Residue (LBR ) was first washed thoroughly under running water and then reagent water, and also treated with dilute hydrochloric acid solution. Presence and types of the functional groups on the LBR surface, that are facilitating analytes sorption, were analyzed using the FT-IR spectrometer, after processing to make a pellet with KBr. The effects of various experimental parameters on the biosorbent performances were studied and then optimized for maximum removal of the s-triazine family pesticides, such as atrazine, ametryn, secbumeton, propazine and prometryn. The established optimum conditions includes pH of 5.0, adsorption dose of 0.7 g, agitation speed of 250 rpm, contact time of 75 min and analytes concentration ranging within 0.25 to 1 mg/L. Furthermore, adsorptions of most analytes, considered in the study, were found to fit Langmuir adsorption model while two of them, viz., prometryn and terbutryn following the Freundlich model. The experimental adsorption results were found fit the pseudo-second order kinetic model for all the studied analytes, certifying chemisorption to be the rate-determining step. It has also been understood that the acid treated residue of LBR to exhibit efficient adsorption capacity for quantitative removal of the target analytes considered. The novel LBR biosorbent developed in this study has further displayed remarkable performances its capacity for efficient removal of pesticide pollutants from contaminated water samples and thus can be used as effective, cheap, low-cost and locally available adsobent