Radiative decay widths of ground and excited states of vector charmonium and bottomonium

In this work we study the radiative decay widths of vector quarkonia for the process of $J/\psi(nS)\rightarrow\eta_{c}(nS)\gamma$ and $\Upsilon(nS)\rightarrow\eta_{b}(nS)\gamma$ (for principal quantum numbers $n=1, 2, 3$) in the framework of Bethe-Salpeter equation under the covariant instantaneous ansatz using a $4\times 4$ form of BSE. The parameters of the framework were determined by a fit to the mass spectrum of ground states of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, such as; $\eta_{c}$, $\eta_{b}$, $J/\psi$ and $\Upsilon$. These input parameters so fixed were found to give good agreements with data on mass spectra of ground and excited states of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, leptonic decay constants of pseudoscalar and vector quarkonia, two photon decays and two gluon decays of pseudoscalar quarkonia in our recent paper. With these input parameters so fixed, the radiative decay widths of ground (1S) and excited (2S, 3S) states of heavy vector quarkonia ($J/\Psi$ and $\Upsilon$) are calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with data.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1508.0613

Gender, wealth, and participation in community groups in Meru Central District, Kenya:

"TA mixed-methods, multiple-stage approach was used to obtain data on how gender and wealth affected participation in community groups in Meru, Kenya, and how men and women farmers obtain and diffuse agricultural information. Research techniques included participant observation, documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews, social mapping, group timelines, and structured questionnaires. Dairy-goat farmer groups were interviewed for the study. Qualitative data provided baseline information, and helped in the formulation of research questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using contingency tables, descriptive statistics, correlations, tests of significance, and regression. Factors that affected participation in different types of groups included household composition, age, and gender. Women made up 59 percent of the dairy-goat group (DGG) members, with the DGG project encouraging women's participation. Women made up 76 percent of DGG treasurer positions; 43 percent of secretary positions, and 30 percent of chairperson positions. Gender also influenced participation in clan groups, water groups, and merry-go-round (savings and loans) groups. Wealth did not appear to have a significant effect on participation in community groups. Extension was the most important information source for both men and women farmers. However, church and indigenous knowledge (passed on from parents) seemed more important to women. Both men and women mentioned other farmers, groups, and “baraza” (public meetings used to make announcements and diffuse information) as important information sources, but they rated them at different levels of importance. Men were diffusing information to greater numbers of people than women, although men and women diffused to similar sources. This study shows that because men and women traditionally participate in different types of groups and receive agricultural information from different sources, development agencies must target different types of groups and institutions to reach men, women, or poor farmers. Mechanisms should be developed to include women, the poor, and other targeted groups in community associations that provide market and other income-earning opportunities.." Author's AbstractGender, Collective action,

Impact of Fair-Trade Coffee Certification on Smallholder Producers: Reviewed Paper

This paper is focus on the impact of Fair trade-certified coffee and the impact of the broader social movement termed Fair Trade.Many of the studies focus on the outcomes (e.g. higher incomes, or new skills) or livelihood impacts (e.g. changes in material wealth). In this paper different dimension of Fairtrade impact including: economic, quality of life/wellbeing, social, empowerment and environmental impacts are explored. Keywords: fair-trade, income, social, environment

The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Civil Society Development and Its Implication on Governance The Case of Ethiopia

The impact of HIV/AIDS on civil society development and its implication on governance is a subject of considerable importance to the states of Sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. The thesis whose theme focuses on high prevalence of HIV infection, low level of development of civil society and weak governance , this research intended as a scholarly effort to show the reason why this is so. With the purpose of exploring the challenges posed by HIV/AIDS to the functioning of civil society organizations and to examine the extent of damage done by HIV/AIDS to the civil society organizations; Based on empirical evidences from Ethiopia the study contributed to the understanding of how HIV/AIDS has created greater impact on the civil society organizations in Ethiopia and how its impact is reflected on their work both internally and externally. After presenting the research question and the research method of the thesis, focusing on civil society contribution towards improvement of governance, the theoretical part of this study has reviewed and examined empirical studies made regarding governance, civil society and health with particular emphasis on HIV/AIDS. Aspects that are often considered as relevant to development of civil society such as the social, economic and political situation of the country and selected cultural and political factors that help to promote or hamper civil society organizations in Ethiopia have been presented. Besides, HIV/AIDS prevalence in Ethiopia, the factors fuelling the spread of the epidemic and its impacts in various sector of the country has been assessed and described. Extending its scope, the study examined associational traditions of the Ethiopian society. The study has described the characteristics that are determinants of civil society s capacity to contribute to democratic process. Selected cultural and political factors that may help to promote or hamper civil society organizations are stated. In relation to that, the political environment and role of the state, political culture, the legal and regulatory environment and the economic policy which have shaped the form and character of individual organisations and the scope for civil society to engage in governance has been analyzed. The empirical study focuses on sub-Sahara Africa, with Ethiopia as specific context. A field work was conducted for three months in Ethiopia. The methodology used for data collection includes in depth qualitative interview and standardized questionnaire as well as formal and informal observations. The study result has indicated that while the majority of civil society organizations (CSOs) have a good understanding of the potential impact of HIV and AIDS on the communities with whom they work, very few have examined the impact of the epidemic on their own staff. Fewer CSOs have formulated even a basic response to the potential crisis that HIV and AIDS present

Number of Internet Users: Measuring Digital Access Progress in Economically Developing Countries

The percentage of Internet users in economically developing countries rose from 2% to 27% in the last decade. Eighty percent of the 25 fastest growing countries in the number of Internet users in 2004 were economically developing countries. This digital access progress in economically developing countries is a positive turn around from a decade ago. While Internet users per 100 inhabitants indicates digital access progress in economically developed countries it falls short in understanding progress in economically developing countries. Instead we found the total number of Internet users a better measure for understanding progress in economically developing countries. We recommend that future digital access index calculations to incorporate the total number of Internet users to account for economically developing country’s progress in digital access

The Origin and Development of Tigrinya Language Publications (1886 - 1991) Volume One

Tigrinya is a Semitic language spoken in Eritrea and in the Tigray Region of Northern Ethiopia. Tigrinya is one of the nine languages in Eritrea. It was one of Eritrea\u27s official languages (along with Arabic) during the short-lived federation with Ethiopia (1952-1962). When Ethiopia officially annexed Eritrea in 1962, Amharic also formally replaced Tigrinya and Arabic; and was established as an official language by the imperial government of Ethiopia. In 1993, when Eritrea officially declared its independence through referendum. Tigrinya regained its status as a working language. Tigrinya has its own alphabet of 32 letters adopted from Ge\u27ez, a language which exists with a very limited function within the Coptic Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Like English, Tigrinya is written from left to right. Although the Tigrinya script might look difficult, pronunciation is simple and straightforward, as the phonetic symbols closely resemble pronunciation. The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local customary laws, dating back to the 13th century. It was found in the district of Logo Sarda, Akele Guzai in Eritrea. The first literary text in Tigrinya was published in Europe. In 1895 Feseha Giyorgis, a scholar who was studying Italian and Latin and taught Tigrinya in Naples, published a pamphlet in Rome giving an account of his journey to Italy five years earlier. He was very conscious of his trailblazing role as the father of Tigrinya literature. In his foreword to the work he wrote that our main drive has been to furnish those who yearn to learn Tigrinya with material for exercise. The content of the pamphlet indicates that his 3 primary audience, however, was the educated elite of his home country, as it focuses on the author\u27s impressions of the exotic country to which he had travelled. The first work published in Tigrinya was a translation of the Four Gospels by Dabtera Matewos. It was written in the 1830s and was published in 1866 by Isenberg, in Basle, Switzerland. The Tigrinya title is ወንጌል ቅዱስ ናይ ጎይታና ናይ ምድሓኒናን የሱስ ክርስቶስ. This work is of major significance, because it marks the first appearance of the Tigrinya language in book form as well as in a full Ge’ez script. European missionaries were responsible for a stream of publications from the 1890s onwards, including the first Tigrinya language newspaper in 1909, but that it did not last long. During the British Military Administration in 1941-1952, Ministry of Information of the administration published a weekly newspaper in Tigrinya. At that time, a single newspaper would cost about 5 cents; the number of copies of the newspaper sold per week would reach up to 5,000. At that time, it was reported to be the first of its kind. There is no standard bibliography of Tigrinya publications. In an effort to address this gap, I have prepared what I think is the first annotated bibliography in two volumes. I hope that this publication will provide a summary and evaluation of books written in Tigrinya that I have been able to locate and analyze. It is also my belief that this work will be of great use to researchers and future generations and will enhance the development of Tigrinya language and literature. In compiling this work, I have traveled extensively and conducted research in libraries and archives in Asmara, Addis Ababa, Sweden, and Italy. I also interviewed and consulted with knowledgeable individuals about early publications. After collecting bibliographic information for over 760 publications, I arranged individual records in alphabetical order by author, followed by title, place and date of publication, and number of pages. During the process of my work I have come to realize the following facts: 1. Books written in Tigrinya are far more numerous than many people realize. 2. Because of the large number of discovered publications, a published bibliography would be of great importance to researchers. 3. Most books published in Tigrinya have incomplete information regarding dates and places of publication. The bibliography presented here is the first one of its kind. It does not, however, claim to be comprehensive. I would be very pleased if this book stimulates and encourages other researchers to make additional entries. After 1991 the number of books published in Tigrinya has increased tremendously. Volume one of this work includes all publications before 1991. And Volume Two will include all the works published since 1991