Impacto de la educación y cultura en la retención y propagación del francés en Ontario, Canadá

La identidad franco-ontariana como grupo lingüístico tiene profundas raíces históricas además de una base numérica considerable. Sin embargo, su localización dentro de un baluarte norteamericano dominado por lo anglosajón, el cual no sólo emerge fuertemente en términos lingüísticos, sino también en términos culturales, presenta retos especiales en lo concerniente a la retención y propagación de la lengua y la cultura. Para enfrentar esta preocupación, la provincia ha logrado un esfuerzo cooperativo de iniciativas gubernamentales y comunitarias para asegurar el futuro de la francofonía ontariana.Abstract: The Franco-Ontarian identity as a linguistic group has deep historical roots and a significant numerical base. However, its location in a North American Anglo-Saxon dominated stronghold that not only looms largely in linguistic terms, but culturally, as well, presents special challenges as it pertains to retention and propagation of the language and culture. To address this concern, the province has achieved a collaborative effort of government and community-based initiatives to assure the future of the Ontarian francophonie

El francés en Luisiana: Una lucha por la identidad

Al inicio del siglo XX, las escuelas se esforzaron por despojar a distintos grupos étnicos de sus tradiciones culturales. La comunidad “Cajun” de Louisiana fue víctima de tales esfuerzos. Cuando se aprobó una ley en 1921, la cual prohibía el uso del francés en las escuelas públicas, muchos miembros de esta comunidad fueron asimilados a la cultura anglosajona dominante. Hoy en día, gracias a esfuerzos del Consejo para el Desarrollo del Francés en Louisiana (Codofil), florece la enseñanza en lengua francesa, e inclusive, muchas escuelas contemplan programas de inmersión en francés en los cuales la mayoría de los cursos se imparten en francés. El objetivo de este ensayo es el de mostrar la lucha política librada por este grupo cultural único para reinstaurar la lengua francesa en el sistema de educación público después de una ausencia de 47 años.Abstract: I n the early 20th century, particular efforts were made by schools to rid ethnic groups of their own cultural traditions. The Cajuns of Louisiana were victims of these efforts. With the passage of a law in 1921 prohibiting the use of French in public schools, many Cajuns were assimilated into the mainstream Anglo-Saxon culture. Today, thanks to the efforts of the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (Codofil), French language instruction is flourishing as many schools are even embracing French immersion programs where most of the courses are taught in French. The purpose of this paper is to show the political struggle waged by this unique cultural group, in order to bring the French language back into the public schools after a 47-year absence

Πολυφασική προσομοίωση προσπέλασης οχημάτων σε πλημμυρισμένους δρόμου

Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο--Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία. Διεπιστημονικό-Διατμηματικό Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών (Δ.Π.Μ.Σ.) “Εφαρμοσμένη Μηχανική

Cost effectiveness of bio-ethanol to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Greece

The purpose of this study is to evaluate ethanol cost- effectiveness with regards to carbon dioxide emissions. Actually, bio-fuel production is only viable thanks to the tax credit policy resulting in economic ‘deadweight’ loss. The environmental performance is assessed under the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework. Economic burden to society to support the activity divided by avoided CO2 equivalent emissions indicates the bio-ethanol cost effectiveness. Agricultural feedstock supply that comprises of sugarbeets, grains and industrial processing sub-models are articulated in a regional sector model. The maximization of total welfare determines optimal crop mix for farmers and the best configurations for industry. This is illustrated for bio-ethanol produced by the ex-sugar industry in Thessaly, Greece. Life cycle activity analysis showed that, at the optimum, CO2 emission is reduced between 1 and 1.5 t of carbon dioxide equivalent per ton of ethanol. The unitary cost falls in the range of 100 to 250 euro per ton of CO2 and it is remarkably dependent on the agricultural policy scenario.Cost effectiveness, ethanol, mathematical programming, life cycle assessment, greenhouse gases

Experimental Investigation of the Influence of the Foreploughshare and the Disk Coulter on the Tillage Quality and the Tractor Fuel Consumption

Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M UniversityThis is a Technical Paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 4 (2002): A. Natsis, G. Papadakis, and I. Pitsilis. Experimental Investigation of the Influence of the Foreploughshare and the Disk Coulter on the Tillage Quality and the Tractor Fuel Consumption. Vol. IV. December 2002

Αn unusual origin and course of multiple branches of the median nerve to the thenar muscles: a case report

Three supernumerary motor branches of the median nerve were found in the left thenar region of a male cadaver. In particular these branches were arising proximal to the carpal tunnel and after penetrating the flexor retinaculum, they were distributed to the thenar muscles. The main recurrent branch was observed curving the distal border of the flexor retinaculum supplying the superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis and the opponens pollicis muscle. The three detected multiple motor branches of the median nerve supplied the thenar muscles as follows: the upper branch, innervated the oppo­nens pollicis, the middle branch the abductor pollicis brevis and the lower branch the superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle. Such combination of multiple muscular branches of high origin from the median nerve constitutes a very rare anatomical variant. We attempt to highlight the significance of such variation for the hand surgeon in order to avoid undesir­able implications such as iatrogenic injury of these aberrant branche

A prefix brachial plexus with two trunks and one anterior cord

The brachial plexus presents a great variability in formation, division and branching pattern. Its variants are of immense importance during axillary and arm surgery and nerve blockade. The current case highlights a unilateral atypical formation of brachial plexus, the so called prefix, in which the C4 root contributed a large branch to the superior trunk and further anastomosis with the inferior trunk. Thus, the prefix or high brachial plexus consisted of a superior and inferior trunk and one anterior cord. Coexisting neural and arterial variations are also discussed in relation to the data literature