Methyl esters selectivity of transesterification reaction with homogenous alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel in batch, plug flow, and continuous stirred tank reactors

Selectivity concept is essential in establishing the best operating conditions for attaining maximum production of the desired product. For complex reaction such as biodiesel fuel synthesis, kinetic studies of transesterification reaction have revealed the mechanism of the reaction and rate constants. The objectives of this research are to develop the kinetic parameters for determination of methyl esters and glycerol selectivity, evaluate the significance of the reverse reaction in transesterification reaction, and examine the influence of reaction characteristics (reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and the amount of catalyst) on selectivity. For this study, published reaction rate constants of transesterification reaction were used to develop mathematical expressions for selectivities. In order to examine the base case and reversible transesterification, two calculation schemes (Case 1 and Case 2) were established. An enhanced selectivity was found in the base case of transesterification reaction. The selectivity was greatly improved at optimum reaction temperature (60 C), molar ratio (9 : 1), catalyst concentration (1.5 wt.%), and low free fatty acid feedstock. Further research might explore the application of selectivity for specifying reactor configurations

Methyl esters selectivity of transesterification reaction with homogenous alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel in batch, plug flow, and continuous stirred tank reactors

Selectivity concept is essential in establishing the best operating conditions for attaining maximum production of the desired product. For complex reaction such as biodiesel fuel synthesis, kinetic studies of transesterification reaction have revealed the mechanism of the reaction and rate constants. The objectives of this research are to develop the kinetic parameters for determination of methyl esters and glycerol selectivity, evaluate the significance of the reverse reaction in transesterification reaction, and examine the influence of reaction characteristics (reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and the amount of catalyst) on selectivity. For this study, published reaction rate constants of transesterification reaction were used to develop mathematical expressions for selectivities. In order to examine the base case and reversible transesterification, two calculation schemes (Case 1 and Case 2) were established. An enhanced selectivity was found in the base case of transesterification reaction. The selectivity was greatly improved at optimum reaction temperature (60 C), molar ratio (9 : 1), catalyst concentration (1.5 wt.%), and low free fatty acid feedstock. Further research might explore the application of selectivity for specifying reactor configurations

Distribusi Penyakit Layu Fusarium Dan Layu Bakteri Ralstonia Pada Lokasi Sumber Bibit Dan Sekolah Lapang Pengendalian Hama Terpadu Pisang Di Sumatera Barat

Sumatera Barat merupakan provinsi paling parah yang diserang oleh dua patogen layu pisang, Fusarium oxysporum cubense dan Ralstonia solanacearum. Diperkirakan lebih dari 60% areal pertanaman pisang tradisional di Sumatera Barat sudah rusak oleh kedua patogen ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan lokasi tanaman pisang yang bebas dari serangan kedua patogen tersebut, digunakan sebagai sumber bibit pisang. Di samping itu, penelitian juga bertujuan menentukan lokasi Sekolah Lapang Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (SLPHT) sebagai lokasi pendidikan lapang bagi petani. Seleksi lokasi sumber bibit dilakukan secara survei selama bulan Juli 2002, sedangkan untuk lokasi SLPHT didasarkan pada pertimbangan endemis serangan kedua patogen ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari seleksi lahan, ditemukan hanya dua lokasi yang dapat direkomendasikan sebagai lahan sumber bibit pisang, yaitu Desa Surian Randah dan Baruah Gunung di Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota. Di kedua lokasi tersebut, serangan patogen penyakit layu kurang dari 10%. Sedangkan lokasi SLPHT dipersiapkan masing-masing di Baso, Kabupaten Agam dan Salimpaung, Kabupaten Tanah Datar.Distribution of fusarium and ralstonia wilt diseases at the source of planting material sites of banana and field integrated pest management course in West Sumatera. West Sumatera is the most severe province attacked by two wilt pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum cubense and Ralstonia solanacearum. It was assumed that more than 60% of traditional banana cultivation has been destroyed by both of the phatogens. This study was aimed to select the plantation free from both wilt diseases, to be used for source of planting material for banana. The study was also purposed to locate the Field Integrated Pest Management Course (FIPMC), as a field course for growers. Selection on the location for source of planting material site for banana was conducted through survey during the month of July 2002, while for FIPMC was based on the endemic of both of the pathogens. This study found that only two villages could be recommended for the source of planting material site for banana, those were Surian Randah and Baruah Gunung in Distric of Limapuluh Kota. At both of the villages, the attack of wilt diseases was less than 10%. While the area for FIPMC were decided in Baso Kabupaten Agam and Salimpaung Kabupaten Tanah Datar

Pengaruh Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, Leverage, Pergantian Auditor, Dan Spesialisasi Industri Auditor Terhadap Integritas Laporan Keuangan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Tahun 2010-2013)

This study aimed to determine the influence of independent commissioners, audit committ, leverage, auditor switching and auditor industry specialization on the integrity of the financial report. Independent variables used in this study are independent commissioners, audit commite, leverage, auditor switching and auditor industry specialization, while the dependent variable in this study is the integrity of the financial report are measured using conservatism index (C-Score). Populations used in this study is manufacture companies listed on IDX 2010-2013, where the total population is used by 14 companies. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique in which the number of observations obtained this study was 56 (14x4). Data analysis conducted with multiple regression model with help of software SPSS version 20,0. Of the result of the testing that has been done, the partial regression test (t test) showed that the independent variables independent commissioners, audit committ, leverage, auditor switching which has a significant influence on integrity of the financial report, while the auditor industry specialization variables did not significantly affect the integrity of the financial report

Kemampuan Kepala Sekolah Dalam Pelaksanaan Supervisi Pengajaran Di SD Negeri 24 Banda Aceh

Teaching supervision is one of the efforts to improve teacher professionalism. The purpose of this study was to find out how the teaching supervision program, teaching supervision techniques, and supporting and inhibiting factor of the implementation of teaching supervision of principal were. This study used descriptive method and qualitative approach. Data were collected through interview, observation and documentation study. Subject of the study were principal, vice principal and teachers. The result showed that: (1) Learning supervision program prepared by principal including planning, scheduling, supervision model, supervision clues, feedback and follow up implementation. In the implementation, principal examine learning administration instrument such as syllabus, lesson plan, teaching and learning process, annual program, semester program, effective week, question item analysis. (2) Teaching supervision techniques was conducted by class visiting, class observation, individual talk, teacher meeting, and assigning the teachers for training, upgrading, and educational seminar. (3) Supporting factor of teaching supervision implementation were teacher readiness to be coached by the principal, the establishment of good relationship in school environment, in addition the principal can monitor the teachers' teaching development or achievement. Therefore, the principal would now which teachers were successful and which teachers needed further coaching in teaching. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factor in the implementation of teaching supervision was the limited time due to the busyness of principal inside and outside of the school

Pengukuran Performansi Supply Chain Dengan Menggunakan Supply Chain Operation Reference (Scor) Berbasis Analytical Hierarchy Process (Ahp) Dan Objective Matrix (Omax)

PT. Indonesian Tobacco merupakan salah satu Perusahaan rokok yang telah menerapkan konsep Supply Chain Management untuk mengatur proses aliran material. Selama berjalannya Supply Chain Management tersebut, Perusahaan belum pernah melakukan pengukuran terhadap performansi supply chain yang melibatkan semua pihak yang terkait. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengukur performansi supply chain adalah Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR). SCOR merupakan suatu model acuan proses untuk operasi supply chain yang terbagi ke dalam lima proses manajemen dasar supply chain yaitu plan, source, make, deliver, dan return. Pengukuran performansi dalam penelitian ini juga didukung oleh metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan Objective Matrix (OMAX). Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai pencapaian performansi supply chain Perusahaan secara keseluruhan adalah sebesar 7,85. Dengan melakukan pembobotan menggunakan AHP dan perhitungan scoring system menggunakan OMAX, dapat diketahui 4 indikator kinerja supply chain yang perlu segera mendapatkan tindakan perbaikan, yaitu penyimpangan peramalan permintaan, jumlah pemasokan bahan baku, ketidaksesuaian bahan baku dengan spesifikasi, dan jumlah komplain dari konsumen. Dengan melakukan perbaikan pada indikator-indikator tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu meningkatkan performansi supply chain pada Perusahaan

Is BIM Adoption Advantageous for Construction Industry of Pakistan?

Lack of Information technology applications on construction projects lead to complex flow of data during project life cycle. Building Information Modeling (BIM) has gained attention in the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, envisage the use of virtual n-dimensional (n-D) models to identify potential conflicts in design, construction or operational of any facility. A questionnaire has been designed to investigate perceptions regarding BIM advantages. Around 102 valid responses received from diversified stakeholders. Results showed very low BIM adoption with low level of ‘Buzz’. BIM is a faster and more effective method for designing and construction management, it improves quality of the design and construction and reduces rework during construction; which came out as the top thee advantages according to the perception of AEC professionals of Pakistan.BIM has least impact on reduction of cost, time and human resources. This research is a bench mark study to understand adoption and advantageous of BIM in Pakistan Construction Industry