Charged Particle and Photon Multiplicity, and Transverse Energy Production in High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions

We review the charged particle and photon multiplicity, and transverse energy production in heavy-ion collisions starting from few GeV to TeV energies. The experimental results of pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles and photons at different collision energies and centralities are discussed. We also discuss the hypothesis of limiting fragmentation and expansion dynamics using the Landau hydrodynamics and the underlying physics. Meanwhile, we present the estimation of initial energy density multiplied with formation time as a function of different collision energies and centralities. In the end, the transverse energy per charged particle in connection with the chemical freeze-out criteria is discussed. We invoke various models and phenomenological arguments to interpret and characterize the fireball created in heavy-ion collisions. This review overall provides a scope to understand the heavy-ion collision data and a possible formation of a deconfined phase of partons via the global observables like charged particles, photons and the transverse energy measurement.Comment: 27 pages, 43 figures, Invited Review for Advances in High Energy physics for Special Issue on "Global properties in High Energy Collisions

Energy and Centrality dependence of dNch/dηdN_{\rm ch}/d\eta and dET/dηdE_{\rm T}/d\eta in Heavy-Ion Collisions from sNN\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} =7.7 GeV to 5.02 TeV

The centrality dependence of pseudorapidity density of charged particles and transverse energy is studied for a wide range of collision energies for heavy-ion collisions at midrapidity from 7.7 GeV to 5.02 TeV. A two-component model approach has been adopted to quantify the soft and hard components of particle production, coming from nucleon participants and binary nucleon-nucleon collisions, respectively. Within experimental uncertainties, the hard component contributing to the particle production has been found not to show any clear collision energy dependence from RHIC to LHC. The effect of centrality and collision energy in particle production seem to factor out with some degree of dependency on the collision species. The collision of Uranium-like deformed nuclei opens up new challenges in understanding the energy-centrality factorization, which is evident from the centrality dependence of transverse energy density, when compared to collision of symmetric nuclei.Comment: Published version in Eur. Phys. J.

PEMANFAATAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS SEBAGAI LANGKAH STRATEGIS DALAM PEMETAAN ZONA LONGSOR DI KECAMATAN BANJARWANGI

Abstrak: Kecamatan Banjarwangi merupakan daerah perkebunan, persawahan, dan perbukitan yang curam serta daerah dengan relief yang sedang hingga tinggi. Sehingga daerah ini memiliki potensi terjadinya longsor. Maka dalam hal ini peran kemitigasian sangat penting untuk meminimalisir dampak terjadinya gerakan tanah (longsor). Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi potensi bahaya longsor Kecamatan Banjarwangi sebagai langkah strategis dalam memetakan zona bahaya longsor. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) dengan memanfaatkan peta curah hujan, formasi batuan, peta kemiringan lereng, dan peta jenis tanah sebagai bahan analisis bencana longsor. Hasil pada penelitian ini yaitu daerah Banjarwangi memiliki topografi yang curam, intensitas curah hujan yang terbilang tinggi di setiap tahun dengan jenis tanah Ochric Andosols dan Lithosols yang tersusun oleh batuanlempung dan batupasir yang memiliki potensi untuk terjadinya tanah longsor jika dilihat dari struktur dan tekstur batuannya. Tidak tepatnya tata guna lahan dan masyarakat yang tidak tertib aturan menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab longsor. Perlunya sosialisasi dan simulasi bencana agar masyarakat dapat tanggap bencana. Abstract: Banjarwangi District is an area of plantations, rice fields, and steep hills as well as areas with moderate to high relief. So this area has the potential for landslides. So in this case the role of mitigation is very important to minimize the impact of landslides. The purpose of this study is to identify potential landslide hazards in Banjarwangi District as a strategic step in mapping landslide hazard zones. The method used in this study is a Geographic Information System (GIS) by utilizing rainfall maps, rock formations, slope maps, and soil type maps as material for landslide disaster analysis. The results of this study are that the Banjarwangi area has a steep topography, relatively high rainfall intensity every year with Ochric Andosols and Lithosols soil types composed of clay and sandstone which have the potential for landslides when viewed from the structure and texture of the rocks. Inaccurate land use and community regulations that are not orderly are one of the factors causing landslides. The need for socialization and disaster simulation so that people can respond to disasters

Non-mulberry Silk Fibroin Biomaterial for Corneal Regeneration

Successful repair of a damaged corneal surface is a great challenge and may require the use of a scaffold that supports cell growth and differentiation. Amniotic membrane is currently used for this purpose, in spite of its limitations. A thin transparent silk fibroin film from non-mulberry Antheraea mylitta (Am) has been developed which offers to be a promising alternative. The silk scaffolds provide sufficient rigidity for easy handling, the scaffolds support the sprouting, migration, attachment and growth of epithelial cells and keratocytes from rat corneal explants; the cells form a cell sheet, preserve their phenotypes, express cytokeratin3 and vimentin respectively. The films also support growth of limbal stem cell evidenced by expression of ABCG2. The cell growth on the silk film and the amniotic membrane is comparable. The implanted film within the rabbit cornea remains transparent, stable. The clinical examination as well as histology shows absence of any inflammatory response or neovascularization. The corneal surface integrity is maintained; tear formation, intraocular pressure and electroretinography of implanted eyes show no adverse changes. The silk fibroin film from nonmulberry silk worms may be a worthy candidate for use as a corneal scaffold

Impact ionization of molecular oxygen by 3.5-MeV/u bare carbon ions

We have measured the absolute double-differential cross sections (DDCSs) for electron emission in ionization of O2 molecules under the impact of 3.5-MeV/u C6+ ions. The data were collected between 10 and 600 eV, in an angular range of 30◦ to 150◦. The single-differential cross sections (SDCSs) in emission angle and electron energy are deduced from the electron DDCS spectra. Also, the total cross section has been obtained from the SDCS spectra. The DDCS spectra as well as the SDCS spectra are compared with continuum distorted-wave eikonal initial-state calculations which employ molecular wave functions built as linear combinations of atomic orbitals. The DDCS ratio i.e. σO2/2σO, derived by dividing the experimental DDCS for molecular oxygen with the theoretical DDCS for atomic oxygen, does not show any primary or secondary oscillations arising from Young-type interference, which is apparently in contrast to what has been observed earlier for H2 and in agreement with the model calculation. Similarly, the forward-backward angular asymmetry increases monotonically with the velocity of the emitted electrons. However, the results on the DDCSs, SDCSs, the asymmetry parameter, and the nonexistence of oscillations are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the model usedOne of the authors (F.M.) acknowledges the financial support from the MICINN Projects No. FIS2010-15127 and No. CSD 2007- 00010. C.A.T., R.D.R., and F.M. acknowledge the Programa de Cooperación Interuniversitaria e Investigación Científica entre España e Iberoamérica AECID Project No. A2/039631/1

Alternatif Penanggulangan Bencana Banjir dengan Penerapan Teknologi Biopori di Desa Molingkapoto

Indonesia is one og the countries with a high precipitation. The high precipitation and lack of water catchment areas resulted in flooding. This community service aims to improve the quality of the environment by applying biopore technology as an alternative to flood control in the Malingkapoto Village area, Kwandang District, North Gorontalo Regency. Biopore technology is not only for flood prevention, but can be used as a composting technology. The result of this service activity is that 30 biopore have been installed at several points prone to the largest puddles of water due to high precipitation. This activity is in accordance with what has been planned, such as: increasing community knowledge and skills in flood management, provide business opportunities for biopore pipes and compost fertilizers, and support the local government of Gorontalo Regency in dealing with environmental problems.Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan curah hujan tinggi. Tingginya curah hujan dan kurangnya daerah resapan air mengakibatkan terjadinya banjir. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan dengan menerapkan teknologi biopori sebagai alternatif penanggulangan banjir di wilayah Desa Malingkapoto Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara. Teknologi biopori tidak hanya untuk penanggulangan banjir, tetapi dapat digunakan sebagai teknologi pengomposan. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian ini yaitu telah terpasang 30 biopori di beberapa titik rawan yang terdapat genangan air paling besar akibat curah hujan tinggi. Kegiatan ini sesuai dengan yang telah direncanakan seperti: meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam penanganan banjir, memberikan peluang usaha untuk pipa biopori dan pupuk kompos, serta mendukung pemerintah daerah kabupaten Gorontalo dalam menangani permasalahan lingkungan