Spatio-temporal expression patterns of Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula defensin-like genes

Plant genomes contain several hundred defensin-like (DEFL) genes that encode short cysteine-rich proteins resembling defensins, which are well known antimicrobial polypeptides. Little is known about the expression patterns or functions of many DEFLs because most were discovered recently and hence are not well represented on standard microarrays. We designed a custom Affymetrix chip consisting of probe sets for 317 and 684 DEFLs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula, respectively for cataloging DEFL expression in a variety of plant organs at different developmental stages and during symbiotic and pathogenic associations. The microarray analysis provided evidence for the transcription of 71% and 90% of the DEFLs identified in Arabidopsis and Medicago, respectively, including many of the recently annotated DEFL genes that previously lacked expression information. Both model plants contain a subset of DEFLs specifically expressed in seeds or fruits. A few DEFLs, including some plant defensins, were significantly up-regulated in Arabidopsis leaves inoculated with Alternaria brassicicola or Pseudomonas syringae pathogens. Among these, some were dependent on jasmonic acid signaling or were associated with specific types of immune responses. There were notable differences in DEFL gene expression patterns between Arabidopsis and Medicago, as the majority of Arabidopsis DEFLs were expressed in inflorescences, while only a few exhibited root-enhanced expression. By contrast, Medicago DEFLs were most prominently expressed in nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Thus, our data document salient differences in DEFL temporal and spatial expression between Arabidopsis and Medicago, suggesting distinct signaling routes and distinct roles for these proteins in the two plant species

Effect of solvents on the reaction between phenacyl bromide and triethylamine

897-898Rate constants for the reaction of ɑ-halogenocarbonyl compound such as phenacyl bromide with triethylamine in various solvents at 25ᵒ, 30ᵒ and 35ᵒC have been determined. A plot of log k2 of BrCH2COPh + NEt reaction versus log k2 of BrCH2COOEt + NEt reaction is linear in some solvents. Simple and multiple correlations of log k2 at 30ᵒ for the reaction between PhCOCH2Br and Net3) with several solvent parameters at macroscopic and microscopic levels are found to be successful

A simple method for the preparation of aryl phenacyl ether in micellar medium: Part I

1108-1110<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-in;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-IN">Aryl phenacyl ethers have been prepared by the micellar catalysed reaction of phenacyl bromide with equimolar mixture of phenol(s)-triethylamine in 70% methanol(v/v) 30 °C. The ethers have been characterised on the basis of their IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data.</span

Effect of addition of phenols on the rate of Menschutkin reaction-Reaction , between phenacyl bromide and triethylamine

432-436Second order rate constants for the reaction between phenacyl bromide and triethylamine with and without phenols have been determined in aprotic solvents at 25°, 30° and 35°C. The addition of X - C6H4 - OH (X= H, p-OCH3, p-CH3, p-CI, p-Br and p-NO2) with pKa greater than 7.15 does not affeqt the rate of quaternization of triethylamine by phenacyl bromide, whereas strong acidic phenols such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol do affect the rate of quaternization. pKa of phenol is found to be driving force for quaternization or protonation of triethylamine. The active nucleophiles in these processes are predicted

1-Phenacyl-, 1-carbethoxymethyl- and 1-benzyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium halides: Isolation and use for generating ylide

295-298Active halide containing electron withdrawing group (EWG) α-to halogen readily reacts with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) to give stable salt of pyridinium halide (1-6). The reaction between 1-phenacyl-4-dimethylaminopyridinium halide(s) (1 and 2) and aq. NaOH instantaneously generates 4-dimethylaminopyridinium-1-(2'-hydroxy-2'-phenyl)vinylide 7 as brownish yellow stable crystalline solid which is reported for the first time. Whereas, the other compounds 3-6 do not generate such type of ylide under identical experimental conditions

Kinetic and theoretical studies on the reaction of phenacyl bromide with 4DMAP in the presence of certain phenols

414-417The quanternization reaction between phenacyl bromide an 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (4DMAP) has been studied at 25, 30 and 35&deg;C in acetone, Added phenols with pKa &gt; 7.0 retard the rate of quaternization and there is no ether formation. This has been confirmed through product analysis by HPLC using paired ion chromatography (PIC) reagents &ndash;A. The reaction has been followed conductometrically using Gugenheim&rsquo;s method. Theoretical calculations(PM3) confirm the formation of H-bonded complex between the phenoI(s) and 4DMAP, that could retard the rate of quaternization. Relative proton affinity (PA) values of various phenolates computed here explain the preferential formation of quaternary salt over ether in the reaction

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of allyl, benzyl and 4-nitrobenzyl derivatives of aminopyridinium bromides

388-392A new series of allyl, benzyl and 4-nitrobenzyl derivatives of aminopyridiniumbromides have been synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis, IR and 1H NMR spectra. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds have been evaluated invitro against S. aureus, P. murabilis, E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger by disc diffusion method. All the microorganisms tested are found to be sensitive to the test compounds except N-allyl–3–aminopyridiniumbromide which is hygroscopic at room temperature

A STUDY ON NON SPLIT DOMINATION NUMBER

The word “mathematics” comes from the Greek word “Mathema” which means science, knowledge or learning; Mthematiko’s means fond of learning. Today, the term refers to specific body of knowledge - the deductive study of quantity, structure, space and change. Mathematics links the abstract world of mental concepts to real world of physical things. Graph theory is one of the most developing branches of mathematics with many modern applications. Its basic ideas were introduced in the 18th century, by the great Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler. Certain problems in physics, chemistry, communications science, computer technology, genetics, psychology, sociology and linguistics can be formulated as problems in graph theory. Also it plays an important role in several areas of computer science such as switching theory and logic design, Artificial Intelligence, formal languages, operating system and information such as group theory, metric theory, probability and topology have interactions with graph theory. The concept of non split domination in graphs helps to find a subset, which covers the whole graph in unit distance. A communication network can be represented by a connected graph G, where the vertices of G represent processors and edges represent bi-directional communication channels. A dominating set in a graph can be interpreted as a set of processors from which information can be passed on to all the other processors. Hence determination of non split domination parameter of a graph is an important problem. The global non split domination number, cycle non split domination number and the path non split domination number was introduced by kulli and Nandargi. The block non split domination number was introduced by kulli and Janakiram. The total dominating set concept was introduced by Janakiram, soner and chaluvar

1-Allyl-2-aminopyridin-1-ium bromide

In the cation of the title salt, C8H11N2+&#183;Br&#8722;, the dihedral angle between the planes of the pyridinium ring and the allyl group is 79.4&#8197;(3)&#176;. In the crystal, N&#8212;H...Br and weak C&#8212;H...Br hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions, forming chains of alternating R21(7) and R42(8) rings, which run parallel to the c-axis direction. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with components in a 0.753&#8197;(12):0.247&#8197;(12) ratio

Hydrogen-bonded (H2O center dot X)(2) [X=Cl-, Br-] clusters in 1-phenacyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium halide monohydrates

The synthesis, and X-ray crystal and molecular structures, of 1-phenacyl-4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium chloride and bromide monohydrates are described