Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review

Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV's in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV's. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient's compliance. Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.VRAID (ex DIPUC

A Study of Ontology-based Fault Detection and Diagnostic System for Wind Turbine

本研究以知識本體為基礎建立風力發電機的故障診斷系統。風力發電為世界各國近來發展可再生能源中的重點項目之一，然而目前台灣風力發電的發展尚屬起步階段，對於風力發電機的設計和監測系統的研究還有相當多的發展空間。因此本研究希望將監測所得的資訊與可能發生的元件故障情形作整合，開發一個提供故障診斷資訊的網路平臺。 由於網際網路的發展日新月異，新的技術逐漸取代一般的純文字網頁和資料庫。語意網(Semantic Web)從現有的網路架構延伸，提出許多新的方法和技術，本研究使用語意網的知識本體語言(Ontology Web Language)來建立風力發電機的領域知識。透過知識本體將故障的類型與訊號整合，且利用IEC61400-25的標準來建立風力發電機元件的分類。當故障發生時，本平臺提供風力發電機的技術人員可能故障的元件資訊，以協助風力發電機的正常運作