After United States v. Vaneaton, Does Payton v. New York Prevent Police from Making Warrantless Routine Arrests Inside the Home?

In United States v. Vaneaton the Ninth Circuit held that police did not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution by making a warrantless arrest of a suspect who answered his door in response to their knock. The majority distinguished the case from the United States Supreme Court\u27s holding in Payton v. New York, which ordinarily requires police to obtain a warrant before arresting a suspect inside his or her dwelling. Instead, the court found that the police did not need a warrant to arrest the suspect, even though he stood within the identifiable threshold of the doorway, because he voluntarily exposed himself to the warrantless arrest by freely opening his door. In so holding, the Ninth Circuit ignored the firm line drawn in Payton by allowing a warrantless entry into a dwelling so long as police use no coercion and announce the arrest before stepping inside

After United States v. Vaneaton, Does Payton v. New York Prevent Police from Making Warrantless Routine Arrests Inside the Home?

In United States v. Vaneaton the Ninth Circuit held that police did not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution by making a warrantless arrest of a suspect who answered his door in response to their knock. The majority distinguished the case from the United States Supreme Court\u27s holding in Payton v. New York, which ordinarily requires police to obtain a warrant before arresting a suspect inside his or her dwelling. Instead, the court found that the police did not need a warrant to arrest the suspect, even though he stood within the identifiable threshold of the doorway, because he voluntarily exposed himself to the warrantless arrest by freely opening his door. In so holding, the Ninth Circuit ignored the firm line drawn in Payton by allowing a warrantless entry into a dwelling so long as police use no coercion and announce the arrest before stepping inside

Does a Criminal Justice Degree Produce Law Enforcement Officers?

Police departments are being asked to diversify their ranks in a job field dominated by White males. Hispanics are predicted to be the majority-minority by 2043, few studies were conducted to explore whether Hispanic students majoring in criminal justice will pursue a career in law enforcement agencies upon graduation. Therefore, it is necessary and important to investigate the willingness of Hispanic students perusing a career in law enforcement agencies and what kind of factors behind this pursuit. This research anonymously surveyed 203 students currently enrolled in a four-year Hispanic university. Gender and the liberalizing effect served as the independent variables. The outcomes of binary logistic regression indicate that gender has a significant effect on the outcome variable while the liberation effect does not. This study hopes to add knowledge of Hispanic undergraduate criminal justice majors aiding law enforcement agencies and university to recruit Hispanics into their ranks better

Spatial and temporal patterns in ungulate-ecosystem interactions

Ungulates are important components of a variety of ecosystems worldwide. This dissertation integrates aspects of ungulate and forest ecology to increase our understanding of how they work together in ways that are of interest to natural resource managers, educators, and those who are simply curious about nature. Although animal ecology and ecosystem ecology are often studied separately, one of the general goals of this dissertation is to examine how they interact across spatial and temporal scales. Forest ecosystems are heterogeneous across a range of scales. Spatial and temporal habitat use patterns of forest ungulates tend to be congregated in patches where food and/or cover are readily available. Ungulates interact with ecosystem processes by selectively foraging on plants and excreting waste products in concentrated patches. Positive feedbacks may develop where these activities increase the value of habitat through soil fertilization or the alteration of plant chemistry and architecture. Heterogeneity in ecosystem processes and plant community structure, observed at both stand and local scales, may be the integrated outcome of feedbacks between ungulate behavior and abiotic resource gradients. The first chapter of this dissertation briefly discusses pertinent background information on ungulate ecology, with a focus on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the Upper Great Lakes region and moose (Alces acles) in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA. The second chapter demonstrates why ecological context is important for studying ungulate ecology in forest ecosystems. Excluding deer from eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands, which deer use primarily as winter cover, resulted in less spatial complexity in soil reactive nitrogen and greater complexity in diffuse light compared to unfenced stands. The spatial patterning of herbaceous-layer cover was more similar to nitrogen where deer were present, and was a combination of nitrogen and light within deer exclosures. This relationship depends on the seasonal timing of deer habitat use because deer fertilize the soil during winter, but leave during the growing season. The third chapter draws upon an eight-year, 39-stand data set of deer fecal pellet counts in hemlock stands to estimate the amount of nitrogen that deer are depositing in hemlock stands each winter. In stands of high winter deer use, deer-excreted nitrogen inputs consistently exceeded those of atmospheric deposition at the stand scale. At the neighborhood scale, deer-excreted nitrogen was often in excess of atmospheric deposition due to the patchy distribution of deer habitat use. Spatial patterns in habitat use were consistent over the eight-year study at both stand and neighborhood scales. The fourth chapter explores how foraging selectivity by moose interacts with an abiotic resource gradient to influence forest structure and composition. Soil depth on Isle Royale varies from east to west according to glacial history. Fir saplings growing in deeper soils on the west side are generally more palatable forage for moose (lower foliar C:N) than those growing in shallower soils on the east side. Therefore, saplings growing in better conditions are less likely to reach the canopy due to moose browsing, and fir is a smaller overstory component on the west side. Lastly, chapter five focuses on issues surrounding eastern hemlock regeneration failure, which is a habitat type that is important to many wildlife species. Increasing hemlock on the landscape is complicated by several factors including disturbance regime and climate change, in addition to the influence of deer

The Serendiptichord: Reflections on the collaborative design process between artist and researcher

The Serendiptichord is a wearable instrument, resulting from a collaboration crossing fashion, technology, music and dance. This paper reflects on the collaborative process and how defining both creative and research roles for each party led to a successful creative partnership built on mutual respect and open communication. After a brief snapshot of the instrument in performance, the instrument is considered within the context of dance-driven interactive music systems followed by a discussion on the nature of the collaboration and its impact upon the design process and final piece

Integrating Industrial Laser Scanners for Small Vessel Operations

The NOAA Navigation Response Teams (NRTs) perform hydrographic surveys to support nautical charting updates for 175 ports of the United States Marine Transportation System.These include the identification of bathymetric and anthropogenic features that may pose a danger to navigation. In addition, NRTs respond to emergencies, speed the resumption of shipping after storm events, and protect life and property from underwater dangers. The spectrum of dangers occurs from natural features, such as rocks to anthropogenic objects such as piers.Previous work conducted by the NOAA Office of Coast Survey have shown that survey-grade laser scanners can be used to remotely map features that are dangers-to-navigation. However, the justifications to purchase these systems are difficult since one system can be on the order of several hundred thousand dollars. An alternative solution is proposed through the use of economical industrial laser scanners. The capabilities of these systems can vary widely with range and angular resolution and require additional integration (e.g., translation into geographic space and timing considerations) into the network of sensors typical of vessels engaged inhydrographic operations. This paper presents evaluation work to balance cost versus performance using an industrial laser scanner into a hydrographic system. The laser scanner wasevaluated in a laboratory setting at the Joint Hydrographic Center / Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM/JHC), University of New Hampshire (UNH) water tank facilities and aboard the R/V Coastal Surveyor (Portsmouth Harbor, NH). The results of the study include a first-order analysis of Velodyne’s VLP-32E system and its target detection performance on piers, piles, air gaps and overhanging cables

Piloted simulation study of a balloon-assisted deployment of an aircraft at high altitude

A piloted simulation was used to study the feasibility of a balloon assisted deployment of a research aircraft at high altitude. In the simulation study, an unmanned, modified sailplane was carried to 110,000 ft with a high altitude balloon and released in a nose down attitude. A remote pilot controlled the aircraft through a pullout and then executed a zoom climb to a trimmed, 1 g flight condition. A small parachute was used to limit the Mach number during the pullout to avoid adverse transonic effects. The use of small rocket motor was studied for increasing the maximum attainable altitude. Aerodynamic modifications to the basic sailplane included applying supercritical airfoil gloves over the existing wing and tail surfaces. The aerodynamic model of the simulated aircraft was based on low Reynolds number wind tunnel tests and computational techniques, and included large Mach number and Reynolds number effects at high altitude. Parametric variations were performed to study the effects of launch altitude, gross weight, Mach number limit, and parachute size on the maximum attainable stabilized altitude. A test altitude of approx. 95,000 ft was attained, and altitudes in excess of 100,000 ft was attained

Editorial

No abstract available

Low frequency impedance and structural properties of high temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3Ox thin films

R.F. sputtering was used to deposit thin films of YBCO onto a variety of substrates. The films were found to be superconducting with critical temperatures in excess of 77 Kelvin. Using x-ray diffraction the orientation of the YBCO thin films on MgO(lOO) was found to be c-axis. The films deposited on SrTiO3(100) were found to be a and c axis orientated, where as on SrTiO3(110) the thin films were (110/013) orientated. Using scanning electron microscopy the films were found to be granular in nature. The films deposited on MgO(lOO) had circular grains. The films deposited on SrTiO3(110) had elongated sausage like grains. The shape of the grains is due to spiral and ridge type growth respectively. Electrical measurements were taken using a 4 probe contact technique. The rf experiments were used to calculate the paraconductivity. The coherence length and superconducting sheet thickness where calculated for c-axis YBCO thin films using the Lawrence-Doniach theory. The coherence length was found to be 4 A, the sheet thickness was 11 A for T=0 Kelvin. Examination of the transition region revealed a flux flow region in films deposited on MgO(lOO). The temperature dependence of the flux flow region was found to be in agreement with that predicted by Kosterlitz-Thouless and independently by Berezinskii. This implies that the films were 2 dimensional in nature. Some films deposited on SrTiO3(110) do not appear to have a flux flow region. Films deposited on SrTiO3(110) may be 3 dimensional. Examination of the magnetic properties were in agreement with existing theory, namely that the resistance was directly proportional to the applied magnetic field. In order to perform critical current measurements the films were wet etched into strips. The temperature dependence of the critical current of the granular thin films was found to be in agreement with Ambegaokar-Baratoff theory for a 2 dimensional film of Josephson junctions. An ac electrical technique was used to investigate the reactive properties of YBCO thin films. Results show that the normal inductance was very anisotropic. The inductance for temperature below Tc was used to calculate the penetration depth. The penetration depth, for T=0K, was found to be between 2.24-10.58[xm. Penetration depths of this magnitude are predicted by Ambegaokar-Baratoff for certain cases. The temperature dependence of the penetration depth was investigated in terms of the London theory and good agreement was found. Anomalous behaviour was found to occur in certain thin films. The anomaly was present as a change in the temperature dependence of the kinetic inductance. The anomaly may be due to 2D-3D crossover, known to occur in YBCO thin films. An anomalous resonance effect was observed in very thin film at 48 Kelvin. The behaviour of the anomaly is very similar to a dielectric but may be due to substrate effect