Macroinvertebrados acuáticos en manantiales de la subcuenca río Copalita, Oaxaca, México

Resumen. Los ecosistemas de agua dulce están expuestos a presiones antropogénicas que alteran el ambiente e influyen sobre las comunidades de macroinvertebrados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad taxonómica de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en manantiales de dos microcuencas pertenecientes a la subcuenca río Copalita, para determinar la estructura y la conservación de los manantiales. El estudio se realizó en mayo de 2022 en ocho manantiales. La recolecta de macroinvertebrados acuáticos se realizó mediante el uso de una red tipo D. Se calcularon índices de diversidad de Shannon y Wiener (H’), diversidad de Simpson (λ), similitud de Jaccard (IJ), equitatividad de Pielou (J’), riqueza (S) y dominancia (D). Se determinó la correlación existente entre las variables utilizando Rho de Spearman (p ≤ 0,05), se realizaron análisis clúster del índice y el porcentaje de similitud de Jaccard. Los manantiales en estudio son de tipo helocreno y reocreno, el sitio con mayor diversidad fue Arroyo Guajolote, caracterizado por una menor perturbación en su origen y no es aprovechado para abastecimiento humano. Se necesita un plan de manejo para conservar estos ecosistemas con el fin de garantizar una buena calidad de los servicios ambientales brindados

Effect of graphene oxide on bacteria and peripheral blood mononuclear cells

"Background Driven by the potential biological applications of graphene, many groups have studied the response of cells exposed to graphene oxide (GO). In particular, investigations of bacteria indicate that there are 2 crucial parameters, which so far have only been investigated separately: GO size and exposure methodology. Our study took into account both parameters. We carefully characterized the samples to catalog sizes and structural properties, and tested different exposure methodologies: exposure in saline solution and in the presence of growth media. Furthermore, we performed experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to our GO materials. Methods Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the morphology and composition of different samples of GO: GO-H2O, GO-PBS and GO-MG. Our samples had 2D sizes of ?100 nm (GO-H2O and GO-PBS) and >2 µm (GO-MG). We tested antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 3 different GO samples. Results A size-dependent growth inhibition of Escherichia coli (DH5 ?) in suspension was found, which proved that this effect depends strongly on the protocol followed for exposure. Hemocompatibility was confirmed by exposing peripheral blood mononuclear cells to materials for 24 hours; viability and apoptosis tests were also carried out. Conclusions Our experiments provide vital information for future applications of GO in suspension. If its antibacterial properties are to be potentiated, care should be taken to select 2D sizes in the micrometer range, and exposure should not be carried out in the presence of grow media.

El papel de las mujeres en el Turismo y la Gastronomía: Historia, Restos y Perspectivas.

El presente trabajo es el primero de una serie que conformarán la colección Estudios de Género de la Facultad de Turismo y Gastronomía de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Este libro es un primer esfuerzo por generar conocimiento en un tema tan relevante como es el papel de la mujer en el turismo y la gastronomía. Tradicionalmente, la mujer ha desempeñado un rol preponderante en ambas especialidades, sin embargo, éste no ha sido reconocido principalmente por el predominio masculino en todas las esferas públicas, privadas y sociales. De ahí el interés por iniciar la formación de un acervo propio que distinga aquellos aspectos históricos, rurales y sociales vinculantes entre la mujer y estas disciplinas. A lo largo de estos cincos capítulos, el lector podrá descubrir una visión un tanto de corte feminista, pero a la vez reivindicativa que busca concientizar a través de la investigación la importancia del género femenino en el turismo y la gastronomía

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria and Yeasts Isolated from the Milk of Dairy Cattle Presenting with Subclinical Mastitis in Puebla, Mexico

"This study was designed to identify the bacteria and yeasts from the milk samples of dairy cattle presenting with subclinical mastitis and evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility. We collected a total of 52 milk samples from cows across three farms in San Salvador El Seco (Puebla, Mexico). Microbial isolation was performed using microbiological techniques followed by taxonomic identification of bacteria and yeasts. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the guidelines provided by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). 1 We identified three genera and six species of yeasts including Candida glabrata, C. krusei, C. lipolytica, Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula rubra, and R. glutinis and five species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. aureus, S. hominis, S. epidermidis, and Streptococcus disgalactiae. All of the yeast strains were sensitive to amphotericin B; 1/23 (4.3%) were resistant to ketoconazole and nystatin, 10/23 (43%) were resistant to fluconazole, and 13/23 (53%) were resistant to 5-fluorocytosine. The dominant genus isolated was Candida, with the most abundant groups being C glabrata and C. krusei. Resistance to 5-fluorocytosine was observed in all yeasts except C. lipolytica, while both S. aureus and S. epidermidis were resistant to oxacillin and dicloxacillin. S. hominis was resistant to gentamicin"

Biotic integrity of the Chiquito River subwatershed, Morelia, Michoacán México, based on the aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages

La microcuenca del Río Chiquito abastece el 30% de agua potable para la ciudad de Morelia, Michoacán, México. Por ello es necesario el monitoreo constante de sus aguas, utilizando mediciones que evalúen el deterioro ambiental y la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos. Para el presente estudio se utilizó el Índice de Integridad Biótica para las Asociaciones de Macroinvertebrados Acuáticos (IIBAMA). Además de la Valoración de la Calidad Ambiental Visual y el estado más probable del cauce, en seis sitios dentro de la microcuenca y un séptimo fuera de la misma, como referencia. Se identificaron un total de 51 474 organismos: 69 familias distribuidas en cuatro filos, ocho clases, ocho subclases, y 18 órdenes. Los sitios mejor conservados se encuentran en la cabecera de la microcuenca. La zona intermedia se encuentra afectada en la condición hidráulica, calidad ambiental y en su integridad biótica. En la zona baja de la microcuenca, se observó la capacidad “resiliente” del río al restablecerse las comunidades de macroinvertebrados y los parámetros ambientales. Los resultados muestran que la calidad ambiental y el IIBAMA se encuentran correlacionados (r=0.82, p<0.01). El uso de los macroinvertebrados en combinación con los parámetros ambientales demuestran que antes de entrar a la ciudad de Morelia la microcuenca del río Chiquito es un sistema estable, diverso e íntegro en su comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, y que conserva los procesos que regulan la dinámica funcional de la cuenca.The Chiquito River subwatershed supplies 30% of the potable water consumed by the city of Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. It is necessary to constantly monitor its waters using metrics that evaluate environmental degradation and aquatic assemblages. In the present study, we used the Index of Biotic Integrity for Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Associations (IBIAMA), the Visual-Based Habitat Assessment, and the Most Probable State to calculate the conservation status of the river at six sites along the main channel, including an upper site as a reference. A total of 51 474 specimens were identified, the taxonomic composition was comprised of 69 families distributed into four Phyla, eight classes, eight sub-classes, and 18 orders. The best preserved sites were found in the subwatershed headwater zone. The intermediate zone had impacted hydraulic conditions, environmental quality and biotic integrity. The downstream part of the subwatershed showed the resilient capacity of the river to reestablish macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental parameters. There is a strong correlation among environmental qualities and the IIBAMA. The use of macroinvertebrates in combination with environmental parameters showed that the Chiquito River subwatershed is stable, rich and integral in aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages before entering the city of Morelia, and it conserves the processes that regulate the functional dynamics of the subwatershed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 221-231. Epub 2014 April 01

Actividad antimicrobiana del aceite de naranja residual

The residue of the orange peel is a common contaminant in Mexico, even though it can be used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food areas. We extract orange oil from residual skin, and determine its chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity. We used Soxhlet distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and pressing extraction, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We used a modified Kirby & Bauer technique on Acremonium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Trichoderma sp. and Verticillium sp. The Soxhlet method was the most efficient (2,065%). We observed inhibition values of 75% to 100% for S. aureus and P. auroginosa; 75 to 100% for Candida albicans; and 50 to 74% for Pseudomonas auroginosa. It acted as fungistatic for all strains. The CG-MS profile was: D-limonene 85,93%, β-myrcene 2,23%, linalool 1,72%, decanal 0,63%, α-pinene 0,43% and sabinene 0,20% per μL of oil per Head-space and per direct injection (main components: alkanes, and perilic alcohol, D-limonene and linalool).El residuo de la cáscara de naranja es un contaminante común en México, a pesar de que puede usarse en las áreas cosmética, farmacéutica y alimenticia. Extrajimos el aceite de naranja a partir de cáscara residual y determinamos sus compuestos químicos y su actividad antimicrobiana. Utilizamos la destilación Soxhlet, extracción líquido-líquido y extracción de prensado, y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Usamos una técnica de Kirby & Bauer modificada en Acremonium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Trichoderma sp. y Verticillium sp. El método Soxhlet fue el más eficiente (2,065%). Observamos valores de inhibición de 75% a 100% para S. aureus y P. auroginosa; 75 a 100% para Candida albicans; y 50 a 74% para Pseudomonas auroginosa. Actuó como fungistático para todas las cepas. El perfil CG-MS fue: D-limoneno 85,93%, β-mirceno 2,23%, linalool 1,72%, decanal 0,63%, α-pineno 0,43% y sabineno 0,20% por μL de aceite por espacio de cabeza (Head-space) y por inyección directa (principales componentes: alcanos y alcohol perílico, D-limoneno y linalool)

Actividad antimicrobiana del aceite de naranja residual

"Antimicrobial activity evaluation of residual orange oil. The residue of the orange peel is a common contaminant in Mexico, even though it can be used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food areas. We extract orange oil from residual skin, and determine its chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity. We used Soxhlet distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and pressing extraction, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We used a modified Kirby & Bauer technique on Acremonium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Trichoderma sp. and Verticillium sp. The Soxhlet method was the most efficient (2,065%). We observed inhibition values of 75% to 100% for S. aureus and P. auroginosa; 75 to 100% for Candida albicans; and 50 to 74% for Pseudomonas auroginosa. It acted as fungistatic for all strains. The CG-MS profile was: D-limonene 85,93%, β-myrcene 2,23%, linalool 1,72%, decanal 0,63%, α-pinene 0,43% and sabinene 0,20% per μL of oil per Head-space and per direct injection (main components: alkanes, and perilic alcohol, D-limonene and linalool)"

Starch Edible Films/Coatings Added with Carvacrol and Thymol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation against <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>

The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of thymol and carvacrol added to edible starch films and coatings against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In vitro evaluation consisted of determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol and thymol was determined at different pH values against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. With MIC values, binary mixtures were developed. From these results, two coatings formulations were in vivo evaluated on mango and papaya. Physicochemical analysis, color change, fruit lesions and C. gloeosporioides growth were determined during storage. In vitro assay indicated that the MIC value of carvacrol and thymol against C. gloeosporioides was 1500 mg/L at pH 5. An additive effect was determined with 750/750 and 1125/375 mg/L mixtures of carvacrol and thymol, respectively. Coated fruits with selected mixtures of carvacrol and thymol presented a delay in firmness, maturity index and color change. Moreover, a fungistatic effect was observed due to a reduction of lesions in coated fruits. These results were corroborated by the increase in the lag phase value and the reduction of the growth rate. Carvacrol and thymol incorporated into edible films and coatings are able to reduce the incidence of anthracnose symptoms on mango and papaya

The Environmental-Economic Performance of a Poblano Family Milpa System: An Emergy Evaluation

The family milpa system (FMS) is of great importance to food security and the livelihoods of rural families in Mexico. However, the performance of the system can be compromised due to inappropriate agricultural practices. Therefore, a suitable evaluation strategy is required to identify the best management of resources. Nonetheless, at present, there is no holistic understanding around the nature–society interface that allows us to predict the global behavior of the FMS. Thus, this study assesses the global performance of a Poblano FMS through emergy-based indices. The emergy evaluation was carried out by accounting for the available energy of different qualities used in the system, which were subsequently converted to one kind of energy (solar emjoules). The percentage of renewable emergy (%Ren) used in the system was 72.16%. The emergy self-support ratio (ESR) showed that 74% of the emergy used came from free local resources. The emergy investment ratio (EIR) of 0.36 indicated that the emergy use was efficient. The emergy yield ratio (EYR) was 3.78, which in terms of net emergy (NE), was equivalent to a gain of 1.35 × 1016 sej ha−1 y−1. The environmental loading ratio (ELR) was 0.39, which indicated a low potential environmental impact. The emergy sustainability index (ESI) was high (9.80) compared to other agricultural systems. The performance of the FMS is superior compared to other agricultural systems, including ecologic and recycling systems. However, the use of resources is not optimum and needs to be improved to reach maximum empower

Drivers for genetic structure at different geographic scales for Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) and yellow snapper (Lutjanus argentiventris) in the tropical eastern Pacific

The tropical eastern Pacific (TEP) is a highly dynamic region and a model system to study how habitat discontinuities affect the distribution of shorefishes, particularly for species that display ontogenetic habitat shifts, including snappers (Lutjanidae). To evaluate the genetic structure of the Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) and the yellow snapper (Lutjanus argentiventris) throughout their distribution range along the TEP, 13 and 11 microsatellite loci were analysed, respectively. The genetic diversity of L. peru (N = 446) and L. argentiventris (N = 170) was evaluated in 10 and 5 localities, respectively, showing slightly higher but non-significant values in the Gulf of California for both species. The genetic structure analysis identified the presence of significant genetic structure in both species, but the locations of the identified barriers for the gene flow differed between species. The principal driver for the genetic structure at large scales >2500 km was isolation by distance. At smaller scales (<250 km), the habitat discontinuity for juveniles and adults and the environmental differences throughout the distribution range represented potential barriers to gene flow between populations for both species. © 2020 Fisheries Society of the British IslesConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología12 month embargo; first published online 22 December 2020This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]