Missing Broken Needle During Caesarean Section

Breakage of the needle and missing while repairing the uterine wound during cesarean section is an uncommon event. Subsequently it was removed under fluoroscopic guidance on the 7th postoperative da

A Study to Correlate Endometrial Hyperplasia with Ovarian Stromal Change

Background: Endometrial hyperplasia in peri-menopausal age group is frequently encountered as a result of unopposed excess estrogen action, exact source of which is still debatable. Possible source is ovarian stroma. There must be some subtle changes in ovarian stroma to produce excess estrogen in such states. This study was performed to provide new insights into the various patterns of subtle ovarian stromal changes and its relation to morphological alteration of endometrial glands and stroma.Methods: 62 women in peri-menopausal age group, diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia on uterine curettage and unresponsive to conventional therapy, treated by total hysterectomy with unilateral/bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, were chosen randomly. Serial step sections of endometrial biopsies were examined by routine microscopy. Endometrial hyperplasia was classified following the current WHO classification. The sections from the ovary were examined for changes in the ovarian stroma.Results: Out of the 62 total cases having endometrial hyperplasia, 53 cases (83.5%) had one or more subtle ovarian stromal changes and 9 cases (14.5%) lacked the ovarian stromal changes. Out of the 50 cases without endometrial hyperplasia, only eight had subtle ovarian changes. In the 53 cases, which showed ovarian stromal changes, the changes were found in combination and variable proportions.Conclusion: Ovarian stromal changes were significantly associated with endometrial hyperplasia

Correspondence of butterfly and host plant diversity: Foundation for habitat restoration and conservation

At a spatial scale, the diversity of butterflies varies with numerous factors including the availability of the host plant species. In parity with this proposition, the correspondence of diversity of butterfly and plant in the background of the urban–rural gradient was evaluated using Kolkata, India, as a model study area. The results reveal significant positive correlation between the diversity of butterflies and the plants, with the different values for the suburban, rural, and urban areas. Identification of the butterfly loads for the plants in the respective areas can be useful in enhancing the conservation of the butterflies through enhanced plantation of the concerned plant species. Alternatively, the disclosure of the generalist and specialist pattern of the plant species preference by the butterflies may be useful in enhancing the population of the respective species in the concerned areas. The conservation strategy for butterfly species may be refined through the use of both or any one of the quantitative assessment of the butterfly–plant links in the urban–rural gradient in Kolkata, India, and similar places in the world

Assessment of drug use practices among dermatology out-patients using WHO core drug use indicators

Background: Considering the economic burden the skin diseases cause owing to its high prevalence, it is of interest to periodically monitor the drug use pattern so as to increase the therapeutic efficacy, decrease adverse effects and provide feedback to prescribers. The present study thus assessed the drug use practices among dermatology outpatients in a tertiary care teaching unit in Eastern India.Methods: The study assessed drug use practices for all prescriptions of patients attending the concerned OPD using WHO core drug use indicators which consist of mainly three domains, prescribing indicators, patient care indicators and healthcare indicators.Results: Total number of drugs in 471 prescriptions was found to be 1050. Number of drugs per prescription varied from 1 to 6 with average of 2.22. The most commonly prescribed drugs were antibiotics, followed by steroids and steroidal combinations. Prescribing indicators revealed that 2.09% drugs were generic prescribing, with about 18.78% of the drugs being prescribed from the WHO essential drug list. The proportion of encounters with at least one antibiotic prescribed was 34.82%. 13.9% drugs actually dispensed from hospital supply, of which all were adequately labelled.Conclusions: Increasing dermatological prescribing has necessitated assessment of their rational usage. Promoting rational drug use policy is recommended for effective healthcare management

Evaluation of analgesic activity of methanolic extract of bougainvillea spectabilis leaves in experimental animal models

Background: Anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis (family Nyctaginaceae) has already been demonstrated in experimental animals. As pain is one of the important components of inflammation, we had set forward a study this find out possible analgesic activity of the same in animal models Objective: Evaluation of analgesic effects of, Bougainvillea spectabilis in mice models. Methods: 215 gm of fresh dried leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) were collected from the local area during the flowering season and air dried. Following Methanol extraction, under reduced pressure solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. The lyophilized extract was collected and the yield was 8 gm. That was used as an emulsion prepared in propylene glycol and orally administered (20 and 50 mg/kg). Central and peripheral analgesic activities of Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) were evaluated by tail flick, tail immersion test and writhing test (acetic acid induced) respectively. Study Design: This is an experimental study designed on animal models. Results: Bougainvillea spectabilis (BS) had shown no analgesic action in central anal gesic model at different hours as the reaction time was less than 10 seconds at all time interval. With regard to peripheral analgesic activity, maximal activity was observed at 50 mg/kg b.w. The mean writhes ± standard deviation were 42.7±0.9 and 40±0.5 respectively in BS (20 mg/kg) and BS (50 mg/kg) in comparison to standard drug aspirin (33.3±0.4), control mice being 55.3±0.4. Conclusion: Our data indicates that Bougainvillea spectabilis (50 mg/kg) has a significant peripheral analgesic activity. Without isolating the active principles it's extremely difficult to pinpoint the mechanisms contributing to the observed analgesic activities of Bougainvillea spectabilis and extrapolate that in clinical practice