11 research outputs found
An Analysis of Exports and Growth in Pakistan
The paper examines the export-led growth (ELG) paradigm for Pakistan, using data of the period from 1970-71 to 2003-04. The paper uses a number of analytical tools, including Unit Root Test, Phillips- Perron Tests, Co-integration Johansen Test, and the Granger Tests. The paper sets three hypotheses for testing the ELG paradigm for Pakistan; (a) whether GDP and exports are cointegrated, (b) whether exports Granger cause growth, and (c) whether exports Granger cause investment. The time series data on GDP growth, export growth and investment GDP ratio (proxy for capital formation), and the labour employed were used. The data were tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips-Perron test (1988), and then the relationship between GDP growth rate and the growth rate of other variables was determined using OLS with AR (1). The major finding of the present study is that growth rate of export, total investment, and labour employed have positively affected the GDP growth rate
How to Solve the Fronthaul Traffic Congestion Problem in H-CRAN?
The design of efficient wireless fronthaul connections for future heterogeneous networks incorporating emerging paradigms such as heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) has become a challenging task that requires the most effective utilization of fronthaul network resources. In this paper, we propose and analyze possible solutions to facilitate the fronthaul traffic congestion in the scenario of Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) for 5G cellular traffic which is expected to reach ZetaByte by 2017. In particular, we propose to use distributed compression to reduce the fronthaul traffic for H-CRAN. Unlike the conventional approach where each coordinating point quantizes and forwards its own observation to the processing centre, these observations are compressed before forwarding. At the processing centre, the decompression of the observations and the decoding of the user messages are conducted in a joint manner. Our results reveal that, in both dense and ultra-dense urban small cell deployment scenarios, the usage of distributed compression can efficiently reduce the required fronthaul rate by more than 50% via joint operation
An Analysis of Exports and Growth in Pakistan
Trade is presumed to act as a catalyst of economic growth and
the growth in exports leads to increase in the incomes of factors of
production, which in turn increases the demand for input for further
expansion in production. The resultant pressure on domestic capacity may
stimulate technological change and investment opportunities. Also
increase in demand due to raising incomes of the factors of production
on account of exports may spill over into other sectors of the economy.
A part of such growths could also be diffused abroad through technical
assistance and aid. According to Emery (1967) empirically proved that
higher rates of exports growth leads to higher economic growth.
Traditionally, a developing country had the choice of two alternative
trade strategies for supporting industrial development, export promotion
or import substitution. A consensus has emerged among many development
economists that an export expansion policy by permitting resource
exploitation according to comparative advantage and by allowing for
utilisation and exploitation of economies of scale leads to higher
growth rates of output and employment, greater technological progress
and availability of foreign exchange. These in turn enable the countries
with export oriented policies to attain higher rates of growth of GNP
vis-Ă -vis countries following import substituting industrialisation
[Donges and Muller-Ohlsen (1978)]
The Livestock Economy of Pakistan: An Agricultural Sector Model Approach
The Pakistan Agricultural Sector Model (PASM) developed by Davies et al. (1991) was modified to enhance the livestock sub-sector. Nutrient-based rations replaced feedstuff-based rations and dry matter minimum and maximum constraints (stomach capacity) were added. Several initial simulations were undertaken to examine the structure of the modified model and its impact across the crop and livestock sub-sectors. These simulations included relaxing exogenous livestock numbers and selected crop hectarage constraints, and requiring that green forage be fed in the season grown. Most importantly, the results demonstrated that fodder hectarage will grow with livestock numbers to insure that sufficient green forage is available seasonally. Two other analyses were performed to demonstrate the need to specify linkages between the crop and livestock sub-sectors. An analysis of transforming the livestock sub-sector from traditional to feedlot-based technology demonstrated that the reduced numbers of non-milking cattle needed for a given output of meat would provide the potential for increased production of various crops and other livestock products. Also, expanded cotton and Irri rice exports, hypothesised to occur through trade liberalisation from the Uruguay Round of the GATT, highlighted other inter-relationships between the crop and livestock sub-sectors. Greater production of both livestock and other crops might accompany the expansion of cotton production but less livestock feed would be available with expanded exports of Irri rice.
The Livestock Economy of Pakistan: An Agricultural Sector Model Approach
The Pakistan Agricultural Sector Model (PASM) developed by
Davies et al. (1991) was modified to enhance the livestock sub-sector.
Nutrient-based rations replaced feedstuff-based rations and dry matter
minimum and maximum constraints (stomach capacity) were added. Several
initial simulations were undertaken to examine the structure of the
modified model and its impact across the crop and livestock sub-sectors.
These simulations included relaxing exogenous livestock numbers and
selected crop hectarage constraints, and requiring that green forage be
fed in the season grown. Most importantly, the results demonstrated that
fodder hectarage will grow with livestock numbers to insure that
sufficient green forage is available seasonally. Two other analyses were
performed to demonstrate the need to specify linkages between the crop
and livestock sub-sectors. An analysis of transforming the livestock
sub-sector from traditional to feedlot-based technology demonstrated
that the reduced numbers of non-milking cattle needed for a given output
of meat would provide the potential for increased production of various
crops and other livestock products. Also, expanded cotton and Irri rice
exports, hypothesised to occur through trade liberalisation from the
Uruguay Round of the GATT, highlighted other inter-relationships between
the crop and livestock sub-sectors. Greater production of both livestock
and other crops might accompany the expansion of cotton production but
less livestock feed would be available with expanded exports of Irri
rice
Growth direction modulation and diameter-dependent mobility in InN nanowires
Diameter-dependent electrical properties of InN nanowires (NWs) grown by chemical vapor deposition have been investigated. The NWs exhibited interesting properties of coplanar deflection at specific angles, either spontaneously, or when induced by other NWs or lithographically patterned barriers. InN NW-based back-gated field effect transistors (FETs) showed excellent gate control and drain current saturation behaviors. Both NW conductance and carrier mobility calculated from the FET characteristics were found to increase regularly with a decrease in NW diameter. The observed mobility and conductivity variations have been modeled by considering NW surface and core conduction paths
Recommended from our members
PANC Study (Pancreatitis: A National Cohort Study): national cohort study examining the first 30 days from presentation of acute pancreatitis in the UK
Background
Acute pancreatitis is a common, yet complex, emergency surgical presentation. Multiple guidelines exist and management can vary significantly. The aim of this first UK, multicentre, prospective cohort study was to assess the variation in management of acute pancreatitis to guide resource planning and optimize treatment.
Methods
All patients aged greater than or equal to 18 years presenting with acute pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria, from March to April 2021 were eligible for inclusion and followed up for 30 days. Anonymized data were uploaded to a secure electronic database in line with local governance approvals.
Results
A total of 113 hospitals contributed data on 2580 patients, with an equal sex distribution and a mean age of 57 years. The aetiology was gallstones in 50.6 per cent, with idiopathic the next most common (22.4 per cent). In addition to the 7.6 per cent with a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, 20.1 per cent of patients had a previous episode of acute pancreatitis. One in 20 patients were classed as having severe pancreatitis, as per the Atlanta criteria. The overall mortality rate was 2.3 per cent at 30 days, but rose to one in three in the severe group. Predictors of death included male sex, increased age, and frailty; previous acute pancreatitis and gallstones as aetiologies were protective. Smoking status and body mass index did not affect death.
Conclusion
Most patients presenting with acute pancreatitis have a mild, self-limiting disease. Rates of patients with idiopathic pancreatitis are high. Recurrent attacks of pancreatitis are common, but are likely to have reduced risk of death on subsequent admissions