Comprehension through explanation as the interaction of the brain’s coherence and cognitive control networks

Discourse comprehension processes attempt to produce an elaborate and well-connected representation in the reader’s mind. A common network of regions including the angular gyrus, posterior cingulate, and dorsal frontal cortex appears to be involved in constructing coherent representations in a variety of tasks including social cognition tasks, narrative comprehension, and expository text comprehension. Reading strategies that require the construction of explicit inferences are used in the present research to examine how this coherence network interacts with other brain regions. A psychophysiological interaction analysis was used to examine regions showing changed functional connectivity with this coherence network when participants were engaged in either a non-inferencing reading strategy, paraphrasing, or a strategy requiring coherence-building inferences, self-explanation. Results of the analysis show that the coherence network increases in functional connectivity with a cognitive control network that may be specialized for the manipulation of semantic representations and the construction of new relations among these representations

Individual Differences in the Acquisition of Strategies in a Complex Task

A multi-session experiment explored the relationship between individual differences and the development of strate-gies in a complex task environment. In the first session, participants completed measures of working memory and adaptivity.Participants then performed 4.5 hours of a multitasking activity that involved prioritizing, selecting, and sorting objects intobins under time pressure. The analyses reported here focus on how participants prioritized objects in a queue of objects andselected objects from that queue for sorting. Priority selection strategies were automatically extracted using machine learningmethods. Differences in strategy use were related to measures of working memory and adaptivity. Strategy use and strategychange mediated the relationship between task performance and individual differences. A hierarchical clustering analysis re-vealed patterns of strategy shifts that distinguished between participants who improved and those who did not. These resultsprovide a basis for examining strategy training geared toward individuals’ cognitive abilities

Establishing a large prospective clinical cohort in people with head and neck cancer as a biomedical resource: head and neck 5000

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer is an important cause of ill health. Survival appears to be improving but the reasons for this are unclear. They could include evolving aetiology, modifications in care, improvements in treatment or changes in lifestyle behaviour. Observational studies are required to explore survival trends and identify outcome predictors. METHODS: We are identifying people with a new diagnosis of head and neck cancer. We obtain consent that includes agreement to collect longitudinal data, store samples and record linkage. Prior to treatment we give participants three questionnaires on health and lifestyle, quality of life and sexual history. We collect blood and saliva samples, complete a clinical data capture form and request a formalin fixed tissue sample. At four and twelve months we complete further data capture forms and send participants further quality of life questionnaires. DISCUSSION: This large clinical cohort of people with head and neck cancer brings together clinical data, patient-reported outcomes and biological samples in a single co-ordinated resource for translational and prognostic research

Is Insight Always the Same? A Protocol Analysis of Insight in Compound Remote Associate Problems

Compound Remote Associate (CRA) problems have been used to investigate insight problem solving using both behavioral and neuroimaging techniques. However, it is unclear to what extent CRA problems exhibit characteristics of insight such as impasses and restructuring. CRA problem-solving characteristics were examined in a study in which participants solved CRA problems while providing concurrent verbal protocols. The results show that solutions subjectively judged as insight by participants do exhibit some characteristics of insight. However, the results also show that there are at least two different ways in which people experience insight when solving CRA problems. Sometimes problems are solved and judged as insight when the solution is the first thing considered, but these solutions do not exhibit any characteristics of insight aside from the “Aha!” experience. In other cases, the solution is derived after a longer period of problem solving, and the solution process more closely resembles insight as it is has been traditionally defined in the literature. The results show that separating these two types of solution processes may provide a better understanding of the behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates of insight solutions

Relating Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability and Strategy Consistency to Interruption Recovery during Multitasking

Task code for: Bai, H., Jones, W. E., Moss, J., & Doane, S. M. (2014). Relating individual differences in cognitive ability and strategy consistency to interruption recovery during multitasking. Learning and Individual Differences, 35, 22-33

The Role of Dynamic Columns in Explaining Gamma-band Synchronization and NMDA Receptors in Cognitive Functions

The role of gamma-band synchronization and NMDA receptors in cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric disorders has received increased attention over the past two decades, with significant controversy about their roles. The role of the cortical column as a basic unit in cortical processing has also been debated. The current paper presents the theoretical argument that the dynamically formed column is the binary unit (bit) involved in all cortical processing and memory, and that gamma-band synchronization is required for columnar formation. Moreover, the role of NMDA receptors is explained as allowing the consolidation of synchronized boundary minicolumns that serve as the bit, as well as strengthening the connections among the circuit of columns that are involved with any given memory. Following a discussion of the microcircuitry that may be involved, there is a brief discussion on how the serious neuropsychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer’s disease can be conceptualized as disorders of disrupted column formation. The arguments presented provide a theoretical basis for future research to determine the validity of this novel view