Desalination Performance of Nano porous Mos2_2 Membrane on Different Salts of Saline Water: A Molecular Dynamics Study

The freshwater crisis is a growing concern and a pressing problem for the world because of the increasing population, civilization, and rapid industrial growth. The water treatment facilities are able to supply less than 1% of the total water demand. Water desalination can be a potential solution to deal with this alarming issue. Researchers have been exploring for quite some time to find novel nano-enhanced membranes and manufacturing techniques to increase the efficiency of the desalination process. Graphene and graphene modified membranes showed huge potential as desalination membranes for comparatively easier synthesis process and higher ion rejection rate than conventional filter materials. Currently, single-layer Mos$_2$ has been discovered to have the same potential of water permeability and ion rejection rate as graphene membrane in a more energy-efficient way. For almost analogous nano porous structure of the graphene membrane, almost 70% of the higher water flux is obtained from the Mos$_2$ membrane. In this work, it has been shown that nano porous Mos$_2$ membranes provide a promising result for desalinating other salts of seawater alongside NaCl. We have also observed the effect of variations in ions, pore size, and pressure on water permeation and ion rejection rates in the water desalination process. In this study, water permeation increased significantly by increasing the pore area from 20{\AA} to 80{\AA}. The rate of water filtration increases in proportion to both applied pressure and pore size, sacrificing the ion rejection rate for the type of ions studied. A combination of salt ions in the saline water for desalination has also been studied, where the rejection rates for the different ions are separately represented for various applied pressures. For seawater, the Mos$_2$ membrane has showed quite promising performance in the study of ion variation

EFFECT OF FABRIC STRUCTURE ON RIB FABRIC PROPERTIES

In this work,1×1Rib,1×1Skeleton rib, 2×2English rib, 2×2Swiss rib, 6×3Derby rib were produced with 20/2 Ne and 32/2 Ne combed ring yarn and V-bed knitting machine of 14 Gauge. In addition, Wales per 3cm, Course per 3cm, Stitch density, Stitch length, Tightness factor, GSM, Dimensional Stability of fabric were tested. According to test result, Wales per 3cm, Stitch density, Cover factor, GSM of 1×1Rib were higher than the 1×1Skeleton rib;Wales per 3cm, Course per 3cm, Stitch density, Stitch length, Cover factor, Shrinkage%, extension% of 2×2English rib were higher than the 1×1Rib; Wales per 3cm, Stitch density, GSM, Shrinkage%, extension% of 2×2Swiss rib were higher than the 1×1Rib; in 6×3Derby Rib values of the properties were higher than other structure; shrinkage and extension percentage increase with the increase of needle drop in knitting

Thermal Transport Across Nano Engineered Solid-Liquid Interfaces

Liquid molecules located at the interfacial region behave differently than they do in the bulk. These interfacial liquid molecules play a very crucial role in heat transfer from solid to liquid, especially when the system dimension shrinks to the nanoscale range. Behavior of these interfacial liquid molecules depends on the characteristics of the interface. All the interfaces have different characteristics that can be tailored precisely with the aid of advanced manufacturing technology. Study of thermal transport across different solid-liquid interfaces is important to understand different natural systems and to manipulate thermal transport in different engineering systems, e.g. thermal management of micro/nano electronics, energy conversion devices, micro/nano fluidics devices, energy storage system, drug delivery, and to understand different biological systems. The present work focuses on the fundamental understanding of thermal transport across solid-liquid interfaces having different characteristics and exploration of techniques to manipulate these interfaces for different thermal devices. The study starts by modeling thermal transport across the nanoscale interfaces. As continuum approximation is not applicable for the nanoscale phenomena, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to explore the mechanism of thermal transport at the nanometer scale interfaces. With the aid of MD simulation, several interfacial geometric parameters are investigated. It was found that solid-liquid interaction strength plays a dominating role in interfacial heat transfer; additionally the role of interfacial nanostructure\u27s length was also found to be significant. Distribution, shape and density of the nanostructures also influence the energy transfer but the effect is of less extent. One useful application of the nanoscale interface engineering is in thermal management of microelectronics. The insight obtained from the MD simulations in this study is extended into experimental diagnostics of convective heat transfer performance of microchannel with integration of nano- engineered interfaces. Interface characteristics of the microchannel are modified with three different types of nanostructures: CuNWs, Cu-Al2O3 nanocomposite and Al2O3 nanoparticles. Experimental results reveal that interfacial nanostructures positively affect Critical Heat Flux (CHF) irrespective of the type of nanostructures. Whereas Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) may increase or decrease depending on the type of nanostructures. In the last part of this study, a low cost simulation approach is outlined to evaluate system level application of a conceptual thermal system considering micro/nano engineered interfaces