Time, action and psychosis: using subjective time to investigate the effects of ketamine on sense of agency

Sense of agency refers to the experience of initiating and controlling actions in order to influence events in the outside world. A disturbed sense of agency is found in certain psychiatric and neurological disorders, most notably schizophrenia. Sense of agency is associated with a subjective compression of time: actions and their outcomes are perceived as bound together in time. This is known as ‘intentional binding’ and, in healthy adults, depends partly on advance prediction of action outcomes. Notably, this predictive contribution is disrupted in patients with schizophrenia. In the present study we aimed to characterise the psychotomimetic effect of ketamine, a drug model for psychosis, on the predictive contribution to intentional binding. It was shown that ketamine produced a disruption that closely resembled previous data from patients in the early, prodromal, stage of schizophrenic illness. These results are discussed in terms of established models of delusion formation in schizophrenia. The link between time and agency, more generally, is also considered

Sensitive protein detection using an optical fibre long period grating sensor anchored with silica core gold shell nanoparticles

Copyright ©2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. This paper was published in the Proceedings of SPIE and is made available with permission of SPIE. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.An optical fibre long period grating (LPG), modified with a coating of silica gold (SiO2:Au) core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) deposited using the layer-by-layer (LbL) method, was employed for the development of a bio-sensor. The SiO2:Au NPs were electrostatically assembled onto the LPG with the aid of a poly(hydrochloride ammonium) (PAH) polycation layer. The LPG sensor operates at the phase matching turning point to provide the highest sensitivity. The SiO2:Au NPs were modified with biotin, which was used as a ligand for streptavidin (SV) detection. The sensing mechanism is based on the measurement of the refractive index change induced by the binding of the SV to the biotin. The lowest detected concentration of SV was 19 nM using an LPG modified with a 3 layer (PAH/SiO2:Au) thin film

Atmospheric Pco2 Perturbations Associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province

The effects of a large igneous province on the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (Pco2) are mostly unknown. In this study, we estimate Pco2 from stable isotopic values of pedogenic carbonates interbedded with volcanics of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) in the Newark Basin, eastern North America. We find pre-CAMP Pco2 values of ~2000 parts per million (ppm), increasing to ~4400 ppm immediately after the first volcanic unit, followed by a steady decrease toward pre-eruptive levels over the subsequent 300 thousand years, a pattern that is repeated after the second and third flow units. We interpret each Pco2 increase as a direct response to magmatic activity (primary outgassing or contact metamorphism). The systematic decreases in Pco2 after each magmatic episode probably reflect consumption of atmospheric CO2 by weathering of silicates, stimulated by fresh CAMP volcanics

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article describes the Cherokee script issuance of 1862 by the Cherokee Council and National Committee. James F. Morgan also provides historical context about Cherokee leadership and factionalism during this time

Chronicles of Oklahoma

Article discusses the economic and political state of the Choctaw Nation during the Civil War. James F. Morgan investigates the incentives the United States government and Confederate States of America offered the Choctaws to illicit an alliance

The Long and the Short of It: The Influence of Briefs on Outcomes in the Roberts Court

This Article considers the role of information, affected groups, and persuasion in the connection between justice votes and the content of briefs in the Roberts Court. Hazelton, Hinkle, and Spriggs shed new light on the previously observed finding that the side with the most briefs is more likely to win. The authors find that the true advantage lies in providing the Court with a greater amount of information overall, and that holding total information constant, a greater number of briefs is, surprisingly, a disadvantage

A 30 Myr record of Late Triassic atmospheric pCO2 variation reflects a fundamental control of the carbon cycle by changes in continental weathering.

We generate a detailed ∼30 Myr record of pCO2 spanning most of the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian-Rhaetian) to earliest Jurassic (Hettangian), based on stable carbon isotope ratios of soil carbonate and preserved organic matter from paleosols in the eastern North American Newark rift basin. Atmospheric pCO2 was near 4500 ppm in the late Carnian, decreasing to below ∼2000 ppm by the late Rhaetian just before the earliest Jurassic eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, which triggered measurable pulses of CO2 outgassing. These data are consistent with published modeling results using the GEOCLIM model, which predict a decrease in pCO2 over the Late Triassic as a result of the progressive increase in continental area subject to the intense weathering regime of the tropical humid belt due to Pangea’s northward motion. The finer-scale pCO2 changes we observe may be dependent on the lithology introduced to the tropics, such as the dip to ∼2000 ppm around 212 Ma and its rebound to ∼4000 ppm at 209 Ma, which can be accomplished by introducing a more weatherable subaerial basaltic terrain. These observations indicate that the consumption of CO2 by continental silicate weathering can force long-term changes in pCO2 comparable to those driven by presumed changes in mantle degassing

Insulinlike Growth Factor 1- and 2-Augmented Collagen Gel Repair of Facial Osseous Defects

BACKGROUND: Defects of the facial bone structure are common problems for the facial plastic surgeon. Native type 1 collagen gels (T1CGs) have been shown to mediate repair of facial critical-size defects in rat models. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of T1CG augmented with insulinlike growth factor (IGF) 1, IGF-2, and a combination of IGF-1 and IGF-2 on the repair of facial critical-size defects in a rodent model. METHODS: Twenty-four retired male breeder Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals. Facial critical-size defects were created by removing the nasalis bones with a bone-cutting drill. Defects were treated with 300 pg of type 1 collagen gel (T1CG), T1CG augmented with 3 microg of IGF-1, T1CG augmented with 3 microg of IGF-2, or T1CG augmented with a combination of 3 microg of IGF-1 and 3 microg of IGF-2. After 30 days the animals were examined at necropsy with precise planimetry, histological analysis of new bone growth, and radiodensitometric analysis of bone thickness. RESULTS: Radiodensitometric measurements showed that IGF-2 augmentation resulted in greatest osseous healing, with measurements being statistically significant over those of all other groups (P\u3c or = .03). Combination IGF-1 and IGF-2 had osseous healing that was intermediate between IGF-1 augmentation and IGF-2 augmentation alone, with measurements being statistically significant over those of unaugmented gels (P CONCLUSION: Collagen gels augmented with IGF significantly enhance the osteoconductive repair of nasal critical-size defects in a rodent model, with IGF-2 showing highest efficacy

Automobile Accident Costs and Payments: Studies in the Economics of Injury Reparation

The report is presented as a pool of data which will serve many purposes. First of all, the report furnishes a perspective on the largeness and the smallness of the reparation process, and of its many parts. Second, the report supplies much more specific information than has ever before been available on many points, such as the high or low level of reparation in relation to losses; the number of people who get paid, and those who receive nothing; the levels of legal expense, including attorneys\u27 fees. Third, it will furnish a guide for future research directed to narrower questions, by disclosing what are the kinds and approximate dimensions of the phenomena which call for further examination. In order to suggest what sorts of information the report contains, and what conclusions may be drawn from it, a few of its findings are sketched in the following paragraphs. These findings have been selected from among many others as the ones most likely to be meaningful in the eyes of readers of many different kinds. Most of this summary relates to the survey of Michigan automobile accidents, which forms the major portion of this study.https://repository.law.umich.edu/michigan_legal_studies/1004/thumbnail.jp